Phase evolution and microwave dielectric properties of novel LiAl5−xZnxO8−0.5x-based (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.5) ceramics

Novel LiAl_5−xZn_xO_8−0.5x microwave dielectric ceramics were synthesized through a solid-state reaction route. Phase evolution of LiAl_5−xZn_xO_8−0.5x was determined by XRD analysis. The XRD results indicated that the phase compositions had a P4₃32 space group when 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.2 and a spinel structure when 0.3 ≤ x ≤ 0.5. The dielectric constant (ε_r) of this series’ solid solutions decreased with the increase in Zn doping content, which was in good agreement with the Clausius-Mossotti relation. Oxygen vacancy and the decreased degree of order degraded the quality factor (Q × f) of the two structures. The deterioration in quality factor was further verified by impedance spectroscopy. The temperature coefficient of the resonant frequency (τ_f) decreased with the increase in x and was correlated with the unit cell volume. Finally, CaTiO₃ was used as a compensation material to obtain a near-zero τ_f of the LiAl₅O₈ ceramic.     

Bismuth/Samarium Cosubstituted Ba6−3xNd8+2xTi18O54 Microwave Dielectric Ceramics

Modification of the microwave dielectric properties in Ba_{6−3 x} Nd_{8+2 x} Ti₁₈O₅₄ ( x = 0.5) solid solutions by Bi/Sm cosubstitution for Nd was investigated. A large increase in the dielectric constant and near-zero temperature coefficient combined with high Qf values were obtained in modified Ba_{6−3 x} Nd_{8+2 x} Ti₁₈O₅₄ solid solutions where an enlarged solid solution limit of Bi in Ba_{6−3 x} Nd_{8+2 x} Ti₁₈O₅₄ was observed. Excellent microwave dielectric characteristics (ɛ= 105, Qf = 4110 GHz, and very low τ_f) were achieved in the composition Ba_{6−3 x} (Nd_0.7Bi_0.18Sm_0.12)_{8+2 x} Ti₁₈O₅₄.     

Effects of B2O3 on the Phase Stability of Ba2Ti9O20 Microwave Ceramic

Preparation of dense and phase-pure Ba₂Ti₉O₂₀ is generally difficult using solid-state reaction, since there are several thermodynamically stable compounds in the vicinity of the desired composition and a curvature of Ba₂Ti₉O₂₀ equilibrium phase boundary in the BaO–TiO₂ system at high temperatures. In this study, the effects of B₂O₃ on the densification, microstructural evolution, and phase stability of Ba₂Ti₉O₂₀ were investigated. It was found that the densification of Ba₂Ti₉O₂₀ sintered with B₂O₃ was promoted by the transient liquid phase formed at 840°C. At sintering temperatures higher than 1100°C, the solid-state sintering became dominant because of the evaporation of B₂O₃. With the addition of 5 wt% B₂O₃, the ceramic yielded a pure Ba₂Ti₉O₂₀ phase at sintering temperatures as low as 900°C, without any solid solution additive such as SnO₂ or ZrO₂. The facilities of B₂O₃ addition to the stability of Ba₂Ti₉O₂₀ are apparently due to the eutectic liquid phase which accelerates the migration of reactant species.     

Electric-Field-Controlled Permittivity Ferroelectric Composition for Microwave LTCC Modules

A low-temperature cofired ferroelectric ceramic composition for electrically tunable radio frequency devices is introduced. A sintering temperature of 950°C for BaSrTiO₃–MgO was obtained following the combined addition of B₂O₃ and Li₂CO₃. The effects of these sintering aids on densification, microstructure, and ferroelectric properties were investigated. The permittivity and dissipation factor values were 234 and 0.0010, respectively, measured at 286.3 K, 1 kHz. The electrically tunable ferroelectric structure for microwave measurement was fabricated throughout the tape-casting process. Measured permittivity was 130 at 26 GHz and tunability >15% (4 V/μm).     

改进流动注射光度法测定含悬浮颗粒水样中总氮含量

用流动注射法测量含颗粒物水样中总氮,采用较粗管路和快速微波消解法,水样经预处理后,再使用自制在线过滤装置除去消解残渣。总氮的检出限为0.040mg/L,检测范围为0～10.0mg/L。本方法连续测定含悬浮颗粒水样,流路无堵塞,对湖水、生活污水和工业废水实际含悬浮颗粒水样中总氮的测定,加标回收率为99.6%～103.5%。     

Eco-friendly methodologies for the synthesis of some aromatic esters, well-known cosmetic ingredients

Solid-liquid solvent-free phase transfer catalysis (PTC) and acidic catalysis in dry media were applied, with noticeable improvement and simplification over classical procedures in a Green Chemistry context, to the synthesis of some aromatic esters useful as cosmetic ingredients: 3-methylbutyl 4-methoxycinnamate, 2-ethylhexyl 4-methoxycinnamate, 2-ethylhexyl 4-(dimethylamino)benzoate and 2-ethylhexyl salicylate, well-known ultraviolet B sunscreen filters; 4-isopropylbenzyl salicylate, UV absorber and cutaneous antilipoperoxidant; propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate and butyl 4-hydroxybenzoate (parabens), antimicrobial agents. The reactions were performed under microwave (MW) activation and conventional heating. The best results for the synthesis of cinnamic, salicylic and 4-(dimethylamino)benzoic esters were achieved by in situ preformed carboxylates alkylation with alkyl bromides using PTC. The 4-hydroxybenzoates were obtained in good yields by classical esterification of the acid with alcohols using a simple heterogeneous mixture of reagents with catalytic amounts of p-toluenesulfonic acid (PTSA). The comparisons of yields and thermal profiles under either MW or conventional heating were studied and reported.     

Effect of Microwave Power on Hydrogen Content in Chemically Vapor Deposited Diamond Films

The effect of microwave power on the hydrogen and amorphous carbon contents of diamond films is investigated by the plasma chemical vapor deposition method. The input microwave power during diamond synthesis is varied between 330 and 500 W by using different holder materials, while a constant substrate temperature of 850°C is maintained. The hydrogen content in the synthesized diamond is measured by secondary ion mass spectrometry, and the relative amount of amorphous carbon is estimated from the Raman spectra. The hydrogen count normalized against that of carbon decreases logarithmically with increasing input power; the amorphous carbon amount also decreases with higher input power. The present experimental results prove that hydrogen content can be controlled by varying input microwave power during diamond deposition.     

Nepheline and Carnegieite Ceramics from A-Type Zeolites by Microwave Heating

The thermal disintegration processes of A-type zeolites and the properties of the materials that were formed after microwave heating (at 2.45 GHz) were studied. The thermal disintegration of 4A-type zeolite proceeded as follows: disintegration at ∼880°C, followed by transformations to high-carnegieite 1 at ∼920°C, nepheline (in nepheline(4A) form) at ∼990°C, and high-carnegieite 2 at ∼1254°C (further heating led to melting at ∼1526°C). High-carnegieite 1, nepheline(4A), and high-carnegieite 2 efficiently absorbed microwaves. Cooling of the molten material yielded low-carnegieite that contained some impurities. The change of 3A-type zeolite proceeded as follows: disintegration at ∼910°C and transformation to nepheline (in nepheline(3A) form) at ∼1006°C. In 3A-type zeolite, in contrast to 4A-type zeolite, carnegieite did not form before the crystallization of nepheline(3A). Nepheline of high purity and carnegieite with some impurities were synthesized easily by heating 3A- and 4A-type zeolites, respectively, using microwaves. These results suggest that the microwave heating of zeolites can be used to prepare some ceramic materials.     

我国氧化铝生产主要耗汽设备技术水平评述

章对我国氧化铝生产工艺消耗蒸汽的高压溶出,脱硅机,蒸发器三种主要设备技术水平进行了评价,提出了进一步降低汽耗,节能增效的改进方向。     

Rapid Formation and Growth of Bixbyite-Type (In0.67Fe0.33)2O3 by 28 GHz Microwave Irradiation

(In_0.67Fe_0.33)₂O₃ with the bixbyite structure was synthesized via 28 GHz microwave irradiation, using multimode microwave heating equipment. Indium sesquioxide strongly absorbs 28 GHz microwaves, and this strong coupling with microwave energy can be used to drive a reaction with iron sesquioxide. A mixture of In₂O₃ and α-Fe₂O₃ powders (In:Fe ratio of 2:1) was irradiated with microwaves at a frequency of 28 GHz. The mixture was heated to 1400°C during the microwave irradiation. The formation of a solid solution was completed within a minute, which indicated a drastic enhancement of the reaction rate. Scanning electron microscopy revealed remarkable grain growth under microwave irradiation.