Mitigating Surface Deficiencies of Perovskite Single Crystals Enables Efficient Solar Cells with Enhanced Moisture and Reverse-Bias Stability

Metal halide perovskite single crystals are promising for diverse optoelectronic applications due to their outstanding properties. In comparison to the bulk, the crystal surface suffers from high defect density and is moisture sensitive; however, surface modification strategies of perovskite single crystals are relatively deficient. Herein, solar cells based on methylammonium lead triiodide (MAPbI₃) thin single crystals are selected as a prototype to improve single-crystal perovskite devices by surface modification. The surface trap passivation and protection against moisture of MAPbI₃ thin single crystals are achieved by one bifunctional molecule 3-mercaptopropyl(dimethoxy)methylsilane (MDMS). The sulfur atom of MDMS can coordinate with bare Pb²⁺ of MAPbI₃ single crystals to reduce surface defect density and nonradiative recombination. As a result, the modified devices show a remarkable efficiency of 22.2%, which is the highest value for single-crystal MAPbI₃ solar cells. Moreover, MDMS modification mitigates surface ion migration, leading to enhanced reverse-bias stability. Finally, the cross-link of silane molecules forms a protective layer on the crystal surface, which results in enhanced moisture stability of both materials and devices. This work provides an effective way for surface modification of perovskite single crystals, which is important for improving the performance of single-crystal perovskite solar cells, photodetectors, X-ray detectors, etc.     

黑索今制备过滤过程中的特性与安全性?

为分析黑索今(RDX)制备过滤工艺中的特性和安全性,以一定固含量的RDX-水悬浮液为物料,模拟RDX生产的过滤过程,通过测试RDX静态恒定压差下的过滤时间所对应的滤液流量,得到了不同操作条件下的过滤常数K和滤饼压缩性指数s,并讨论了过滤条件对过滤特性的影响。结果表明,过滤常数K值随介质厚度的减小、过滤压力和介质孔径的增大而增大,RDX滤饼属中、轻度压缩材料。结合RDX静态和动态过滤过程中滤饼含湿量变化规律,对过滤过程的安全性进行了分析,结果表明,过滤工序的操作安全性明显高于干燥工序。     

木材内部水分扩散机理及多尺度模型研究概述

木材在纤维饱和点(FSP)以下干燥时,内部水分主要是以扩散的形式迁移;水分扩散的主要动力是含水率梯度和温度梯度。不同尺度扩散模型的建立可以更好地描述干燥过程中水分的动态迁移。从水分扩散形式、扩散机理和不同尺度的扩散模型3个方面总结了木材干燥过程中水分扩散的研究进展,提出模型研究中存在的问题及相应措施,为扩散模型的建立和有效应用提供参考。     

Effect of warm mix additives on the interfacial bonding characteristics of asphalt binders

The quality of the interfacial bonding between asphalt binder and aggregates plays a significant role in determining the durability of asphalt mixtures. Warm mix asphalt (WMA) modifiers have been used extensively in the last decade primarily to reduce production and compaction temperatures as well as to improve workability of asphalt mixtures. This study aimed to provide better understanding of the effects of these WMA modifiers on the interfacial bonding between asphalt binders and aggregates. The evaluation focused on measuring surface energy of binders in unaged and aged states and aggregates and then calculating energy parameters that describe the potential of a given asphalt-aggregate combination to resist fatigue cracking and moisture damage. Results show that the combination of asphalt-WMA additive, as well as the content applied of WMA additive has a significant impact on the fatigue cracking and moisture damage resistance. The results suggest that it is poor practice to use a given type and percentage of WMA modifier without regard for binder type. Instead, test methods are recommended to evaluate the compatibility of asphalt binder, WMA additive type/content, and aggregates for improved performance at different conditions.     

Electric Power Generation through the Direct Interaction of Pristine Graphene‐Oxide with Water Molecules

Converting ubiquitous environmental energy into electric power holds tremendous social and financial interests. Traditional energy harvesters and converters are limited by the specific materials and complex configuration of devices. Herein, it is presented that electric power can be directly produced from pristine graphene oxide (GO) without any pretreatment or additives once encountering the water vapor, which will generate an open‐circuit‐voltage of up to 0.4–0.7 V and a short‐circuit‐current‐density of 2–25 µA cm^?2 on a single piece of GO film. This phenomenon results from the directional movement of charged hydrogen ions through the GO film. The present work demonstrates and provides an extremely simple method for electric energy generation, which offers more applications of graphene‐based materials in green energy converting field.     

Soil moisture estimation over vegetated terrains using multitemporal remote sensing data

A new method for retrieving soil moisture content over vegetated fields, employing multitemporal radar and optical images, is presented. It is based on the integration of the temporal series of radar data within an inversion scheme and on the correction of the vegetation effects. The retrieval algorithm uses the Bayesian maximum posterior probability and assumes the existence of a relation among the soil conditions at the different times of the series. The correction of the vegetation effects models the variation, with respect to the initial time of the series, of the component of the backscattering coefficient due to the soil characteristics as function of the variations of the measured backscattering coefficient and of the biomass. The method is tested on the data acquired throughout the SMEX02 experiment. The results show that measured and estimated soil moistures are fairly well correlated and that the performances of multitemporal retrieval algorithm are better than those obtained by employing one radar acquisition, especially in terms of capability to detect soil moisture changes. Although the approach to correct the vegetation effects on radar observations needs to be further assessed on different sets of data, this finding demonstrates that the proposed method has a potential to improve the quality of the soil moisture retrievals.     

An improved algorithm for disaggregating microwave-derived soil moisture based on red, near-infrared and thermal-infrared data

Accurate high-resolution soil moisture data are needed for a range of agricultural and hydrologic activities. To improve the spatial resolution of ∼ 40 km resolution passive microwave-derived soil moisture, a methodology based on 1 km resolution MODIS (MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) red, near-infrared and thermal-infrared data has been implemented at 4 km resolution. The three components of that method are (i) fractional vegetation cover, (ii) soil evaporative efficiency (defined as the ratio of actual to potential evaporation) and (iii) a downscaling relationship. In this paper, 36 different disaggregation algorithms are built from 3 fractional vegetation cover formulations, 3 soil evaporative efficiency models, and 4 downscaling relationships. All algorithms differ with regard to the representation of the nonlinear relationship between microwave-derived soil moisture and optical-derived soil evaporative efficiency. Airborne L-band data collected over an Australian agricultural area are used to both generate ∼ 40 km resolution microwave pixels and verify disaggregation results at 4 km resolution. Among the 36 disaggregation algorithms, one is identified as being more robust (insensitive to soil, vegetation and atmospheric variables) than the others with a mean slope between MODIS-disaggregated and L-band derived soil moisture of 0.94. The robustness of that algorithm is notably assessed by comparing the disaggregation results obtained using composited (averaged) Terra and Aqua MODIS data, and using data from Terra and Aqua separately. The error on disaggregated soil moisture is systematically reduced by compositing daily Terra and Aqua data with an error of 0.012 vol./vol.     

一种检测绝缘纸板微水分的电容式传感器

开发一种用于检测变压器绝缘纸板微水分的电容式传感器 ,该传感器通过感应绝缘纸板的介电常数在其干燥过程中的变化而用于在线实时检测。它灵敏度高、温度漂移小、便于安装和信号传送 ,其输出信号经处理后 ,可由微机处理并显示水的质数分数。介绍了传感器的工作原理、结构形式及相关系统。     

不同含盐量及离子含量对土的界限含水率的影响规律研究

土中含盐量影响土的物理力学性能,研究细粒土中总盐含量及不同离子含量(硫酸盐和氯盐)对认识土的界限含水率的影响规律有重要意义。人工配制不同含盐量、不同离子含量的土样,测定土的界限含水率,并运用投影寻踪回归分析方法研究含盐量对土的界限含水率的影响。研究结果表明:加氯化钠时,随着含盐量的增加,土的液、塑限均有下降;加硫酸钠时,随着含盐量的增加,土的液、塑限均有上升,体积发生变化,出现膨胀现象;各加一半时,随着含盐量的增加,土的液限明显下降,塑限变化不大。     

基于RAGA的水稻敏感指数累积函数研究

水稻敏感指数累积函数的提出,解决了水分敏感指数研究过程中理论研究与实际应用相矛盾的问题,使水分生产函数的应用更为方便。但敏感指数累积函数的拟合过程十分繁琐,应用存在一定难度。针对上述问题,利用实码加速遗传算法直接拟合敏感指数累积函数,研究结果表明,该方法思路清晰,不需要任何公式转化,计算简便,精度比传统方法高,为敏感指数累积函数的应用提供了有效的方法。