LID组合措施在杭州低影响开发区项目中的应用研究——基于SWMM模型

结合杭州市低影响开发区对雨水控制的要求,运用SWMM模型模拟常规开发模式、组合LID设施、组合LID+蓄水池对雨洪控制的效果.研究结果表明,组合LID设施可以有效降低场地内洪峰流量、径流系数,并使场地在50 a重现期以下的降雨情况无溢流节点;组合LID+蓄水池可以控制杭州市100 a重现期2 h短历时降雨量的94.3％...     

黄土丘陵沟壑区小流域水土养分流失特征研究

采用人工模拟降雨和定位观测相结合的方法, 研究了典型的黄土丘陵沟壑区王家沟流域水土养分流失特征, 提出了水土流失量与降雨量、前期土壤含水率、土壤、地形、植被等有关自然因素间的定量关系. 研究结果显示坡地损失的养分总量占其养分输出总量的近 80%. 流失泥沙中的细小颗粒是养分流失的主要载体, 采用综合治理措施能有效控制小流域土水养分流失.     

从产流过程分析下凹式绿地对城市雨水径流和汇流的影响

建立产流模型,针对北京市不同降雨频率不同硬化绿化比例面积,分析计算了下凹式绿地关于拦蓄雨水径流、补充地下水、滞后汇流的影响,得出下凹式绿地能有效地拦蓄雨水径流和补充地下水,并使汇流明显滞后.     

ENSO事件对渭河流域气象干旱和水文干旱的影响

利用渭河流域1960~2012年13个气象站的逐日降雨资料和三个水文站的径流资料,分析ENSO事件对该区域的降雨、径流、气象干旱和水文干旱的影响。结果表明,ENSO事件对渭河流域的降雨量和径流的影响较为明显,尤其是在7、8、9、10月;EI Ni1o事件对降雨量/径流有减少作用,而La Ni1a事件对降雨量/径流有增加效应;ENSO事件对径流的影响具有空间和时间的差异性,且由下游到上游逐渐变大;渭河流域共发生142次气象干旱和76次水文干旱,发生气象干旱和水文干旱平均持续时间分别为2.56、3.40个月,气象干旱和水文干旱发生次数呈增加趋势;ENSO事件对气象干旱和水文干旱的影响较大,经过卡方检验,在10月EI Ni1o事件和La Ni1a事件与气象干旱的发生有显著(α=0.05)关系,同时10月EI Ni1o事件和水文干旱的发生也有显著关系。     

基于相似过程衍生的月径流概率预报模型研究

针对传统月径流预报模型存在的缺陷,建立了相似过程衍生法与概率预报相结合的月径流概率预报模型。运用相似过程衍生法发布确定的预报结果,在定点预报的基础上利用概率预报提供一定置信水平下的预报区间作为模型预报结果。模型结构简单、易于构建且建模过程中无需考虑预报因子的选择问题。将该模型与BP神经网络模型进行对比仿真试验,结果表明该预报模型具有较好的预报精度,且合格率高于BP神经网络模型,可在水库月径流预报中推广应用。     

基于新安江模型的考虑超渗产流及塘坝调蓄的洪水过程模拟

针对山丘区众多小型水库、塘坝的兴利库容大小不一致,先蓄满的水库塘坝率先溢流,全部水库塘坝蓄满后全部溢流的现象,提出了一种改进模型,即在新安江模型中嵌入超渗产流和塘坝调蓄模块,建立了同时考虑超渗产流和塘坝调蓄影响的流域水文模型,选用大汶河黄前水库流域大水年份实测水文资料进行率定和验证,并与未考虑超渗产流影响和塘坝调蓄影响的计算结果进行了对比分析。结果表明,当不考虑超渗产流影响时,模拟的洪峰偏低;当不考虑塘坝调蓄影响时,模拟的洪峰偏高、峰现时间提前。可见在新安江模型中同时考虑超渗产流和塘坝调蓄的作用能有效提高半湿润区流域洪水过程模拟的精度。     

基于GIS的LL-Ⅱ分布式降雨径流模型的结构

主要讨论了LILAN—Ⅱ分布水文模型的结构。该模型结构是为水文过程模拟和预报而设计的，它提出了变动生态产流模式，耦舍了一维坡面流、一维壤中流、一维地下水流、一维河川径流和二维土壤含水量方程组。通过实际检验，该模型能够明显改善模拟预报精度、增强数值计算稳定性、提高参数优选的运行速度和减少存储空间，能够适合不同水文特征地区的产汇流计算，可以提供流域内任意空间网格的水文计算过程。     

Nitrogen export by runoff from agricultural plots in two basins in China

Runoff and sediment yields from agricultural fields are major sources of nitrogen (N) entering lakes in China. Export of sediment and N can be impacted by soil and cropping management practices, but there is relatively little information on N leaving agricultural fields in lake basins in China. Sediment and surface runoff N from a series of field plots in two experimental lake basins were evaluated in situ under simulated rainfall conditions. Objectives of the study were to evaluate the effects of crop cover, slope, and fertilizer application on N in surface runoff and eroded soils. Sediment yields varied from 4.3 to 299.0 g m^-2, depending on management practice. Mean dissolved nitrogen (DN) and total nitrogen (TN) concentrations are 1.35 and 5.4 mg L^-1, respectively, in Lake Taihu basin, while mean DN and TN concentrations are 2.66 and 4.3 mg L^-1, respectively, in Lake Baiyangdian basin. For all experimental plots in two basins, weighted average concentrations of N for total-N, dissolved N and sediment N are 1.0-5.0 mg L^-1, much higher than 0.2 mg L^-1, indicating a problem in lake eutrophication due to high N concentration from agricultural surface runoff. The estimated mean annual export of total N was 6.0 and 14.7 kg ha^-1 yr^-1 for Baiyangdian and Taihu lake basins, respectively. The study showed that significantly more N (approximately ranging from 10 to 90 of total N) exported was associated with sediment, constituting a long-term source of potentially bioavailable N in lakes.     

山地城市道路规划与景观探析--以重庆市云阳新县城中心城区道路规划设计为例

城市道路既是城市的骨架,又是展现城市景观的舞台。通过道路来塑造独特的城市景观不失为一种有效手段。本文通过对云阳县城道路现状与规划的分析,提出在规划设计过程中将道路网络、道路线形和道路横断面与景观相结合,探讨如何通过道路交通规划来重塑山地城市独特的景观形象。     

Modelling the impacts of climate change on surface runoff in small Mediterranean catchments: empirical evidence from Greece

During the last decades, a major factor that analysts and policy makers take into account in the assessment of the environment is climate change. This global physical process is expected to cause problems in natural and human environment. Thus, modelling climate change impacts may lead to prevention policies to minimize the degradation of life quality because of lack of water resources in the future. This study implicates Geographical Information System (GIS) and hydrological modelling tools to various scenarios of climate change such as the increase of temperature the decrease of rainfall, or even both of them, to estimate the potential impact of climate change on surface runoff in a typical catchment in Andros Island, Greece. Primary results indicate a proportional runoff decrease in the next 50 years because of global climate changes.