浆液外循环技术的应用

通过分析不同聚合热的撤除方式,阐述了淤浆法聚乙烯装置扩容改造选择浆液外循环技术的合理性,并通过对该技术关键工艺参数做必要的计算来进行论证。在不改变原聚合系统基本结构的基础上,通过增设一换热面积约80m2热负荷约3.51×106kJ/h的外冷却器即可提高生产能力约20%。对外循环系统的运行工艺条件提出优化方案。为防止外循环出现系统堵塞以及为保证外循环系统投运后的产品质量提出了相应的措施。     

Relationships between culturable soil microbial populations and gross nitrogen transformation processes in a clay loam soil across ecosystems

The size and quality of the soil organic matter (SOM) pool can vary between ecosystems and can affect many soil properties. The objectives of this study were to examine the relationship between gross N transformation rates and microbial populations and to investigate the role that SOM plays in these factors. In our study, culturable microbial and actinomycete populations were positively correlated with gross mineralization and ammonium (NH₄⁺) consumption rates over time in both ecosystems. These correlations provide evidence that microbial plate counts could be a good representation of all microbes responsible for gross mineralization and gross NH₄⁺ consumption. Rates of gross mineralization, nitrification and NH₄⁺ consumption were significantly greater in forest soil than old-field soil. These greater rates in forest soil could be due to the presence of higher levels of readily transferable substrates in SOM. Gross nitrification rates were considerably lower than gross mineralization and NH₄⁺ consumption rates over the experimental period, indicating heterotrophic uptake of NH₄⁺ rather than use by autotrophic nitrifiers under soil and environmental conditions in this study. Additionally, microbial populations were significantly (p<0.01) greater in forest soil than in old-field soil, which could also be related to the higher level of SOM in the forest soil. Net mineralization and nitrification rates were similar between ecosystems. Results also showed that net rates were highly correlated to each other, but were not correlated with culturable microbes or gross N transformation rates, indicating the isolation of net rates in relation to fundamental controlling factors.     

The Plant Stress Hypothesis and Variable Responses by Blue Grama Grass (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Bouteloua gracilis</Emphasis>) to Water,Mineral Nitrogen,and Insect Herbivory

Acting simultaneously or sequentially, plants encounter multiple stresses from combined abiotic and biotic factors that result in decreased growth and internal reallocation of resources. The plant stress hypothesis predicts that environmental stresses on plants decrease plant resistance to insect herbivory by altering biochemical source–sink relationships and foliar chemistry, leading to more palatable food. Such changes in the nutritional landscape for insects may facilitate insect population outbreaks during periods of moderate stress on host plants. We examined the plant stress hypothesis with field experiments in continental grassland (USA) using the C₄ grass Bouteloua gracilis. Water, nitrogen fertilizer, and herbivory from the grass-feeding grasshopper Ageneotettix deorum were manipulated. Combined stresses from water and mineral-N in the soil decreased plant growth and altered foliar percent total N (TN) and percent total nonstructural carbohydrate (TNC) concentrations in an additive fashion. Grasshopper herbivory affected final biomass only in dry years; plants compensated for tissue loss when rainfall was abundant. Foliar TN and TNC concentrations were dynamic with respect to variable climatic conditions and treatment combinations, showing significant interactions. Grasshopper herbivory had its greatest impact on TN or TNC in dry years, interacting with other forms of stress. Herbivory as a single factor had strong effects on TNC in years with normal precipitation, but not in a dry year. Performance (developmental rate and survival) by the grasshoppers Phoetaliotes nebrascensis and A. deorum were not greatly affected by plant stress in a manner consistent with the plant stress hypothesis.     

Heterogeneous photocatalysis: state of the art and present applications In honor of Pr. R.L. Burwell Jr. (1912–2003), Former Head of Ipatieff Laboratories, Northwestern University, Evanston (Ill).

In the present paper, the basic fundamentals of photocatalysis are explained with the influence of the five main parameters which govern the kinetics: (i) mass of catalyst, (ii) wavelength, (iii) partial pression and/or concentrations of reactants, (iv) temperature (at a second degree) and (v) the radiant flux. The main types of photocatalytic reactions presently described (all performed at room temperature) concern (i) the selective mild oxidation of hydrocarbons, (ii) the hydrogen production and (iii) the total oxidation reactions of organics in presence of water. The last point constitutes the ensemble of the last recent developments in photocatalysis. Most of organic contaminants, including dangerous pesticides, can be easily totally degraded and mineralized.Dyes are also not only decolorized, but mineralized in colored aqueous effluents. The most abundant ones (the azo-dyes) have their azo-group(s) –N=N– decomposed into N2(g), which represents an ideal decontamination case.Photocatalytic engineering is under development, now using deposited titania in a fixed bed. Some (solar) photocatalytic pilot reactors and prototypes are described. The use of solar energy as a source of activating UV–A irradiation is described as a sub-discipline called helio-photocatalysis.     

次氧化锌中砷的物相及砷的浸出(英文)

研究烟化炉次氧化锌中砷的物相类型。结果表明:按砷的物相可将次氧化锌分为3种类型。在一型次氧化锌中砷以As2O3形态存在,而在二型和三型次氧化锌中砷分别以亚砷酸锌(Zn(AsO2)2)和砷酸铅(Pb(As2O6),Pb4As2O9)形态存在。在热力学分析基础上,对二型次氧化锌进行浸出脱砷。结果表明:采用30g/LNaOH溶液,在液固比3、温度20°C的条件下,砷的浸出率在1h内可达到65%～70%,而铅、锌的损失均小于1%。     

振动辅助液中喷气电火花加工性能研究

提出了振动辅助液中喷气电火花加工方法。该方法通过工件机械振动改善了极间的放电状态,降低了短路率。通过实验研究了机械振动的频率和振幅对液中喷气电火花加工性能的影响,研究了振动辅助作用下电加工参数、气体压力、工具电极转速对加工性能的影响。结果表明,工件的机械振动可有效提高液中喷气电火花加工的材料去除率,改善加工表面质量,而电极损耗几乎为零。     

Si3N4陶瓷引弧微爆炸加工材料去除率建模与分析

利用引弧微爆炸加工装置,以氮化硅工程陶瓷为加工对象,对引弧微爆炸加工过程的喷嘴烧损及材料去除率进行了研究。通过喷嘴烧损实验,研究了喷嘴烧损规律及喷嘴直径对材料去除率的影响;利用正交实验方法,建立了材料去除率经验模型并分析了材料去除率随加工参数的变化规律。结果显示:喷嘴直径随着脉冲次数的增加而扩展,当直径在2.4～2.8 mm之间时,可以产生最好的加工质量和最大的材料去除率;四个主要加工参数对材料去除率的影响显著,材料去除率随着工作电流、工作气压、工作脉宽的增大而增大,随着工作距离的增大而减小;建立的指数型经验模型简单可靠,与实验结果吻合良好,可以用于材料去除率的预测及控制。     

Investigation of CMP of Ni in the Preparation Process of Micro-Electro-Mechanical System Devices

利用自制的抛光液对高纯镍片进行化学机械抛光,研究化学机械抛光过程中抛光压力、pH值、H2O2浓度、络合剂种类及其浓度、SiO2浓度等参数对抛光速率的影响。结果表明在抛光压力为13.79kPa、H2O2浓度为0.5%,pH值为3.0,SiO2浓度为0.5%,络合剂EDTA及其浓度为1%时,得到最大抛光速率为312.3nm/min;在抛光压力为13.79kPa、pH值为4.0、SiO2浓度为1%、络合剂EDTA为1%、H2O2浓度为1%条件下抛光得到的镍片表面质量较好,表面粗糙度Ra达到5nm。并利用电化学手段研究了镍片在抛光液中的溶解与钝化行为。     

消除2K缸体顶面气孔缺陷的措施

针对2K缸体顶面气孔缺陷采取在型砂中加氧化铁粉的措施,使气孔的问题得到缓解,但会影响型砂的性能,使铸件出现结疤现象,清砂困难。通过对缸体顶面产生的气孔进行分析,确定是氮气孔。对在型芯砂中分别加入氧化铁粉、在气孔部位开设溢流槽以及在缸体顶面气孔部位增加氧化铁粉砂芯等工艺方案进行了对比,并计算了氧化铁粉的合适加入量。结果表明,氧化铁粉对于解决氮气孔是非常有效的,氧化铁粉的浓度为1.95%~3.9%时能够抑制气孔的产生,通过在2K缸体顶面气孔部位增加氧化铁粉砂芯的工艺,使局部的氧化铁粉浓度达到3%,能够有效地解决缸体顶面的气孔问题。     

气体保护焊保护效果研究综述——氮含量对气孔及焊缝性能的影响

研究了气体保护焊时氮含量对气孔及力学性能的影响,试验结果表明:采用实心焊丝和ψ(Ar)20％ψ(C02)80％组合时,随着环境中氮含量的增加最容易产生气孔.因此,必须把保护气体中氮的含量控制在1％以下.采用药芯焊丝和C02组合时,耐气孔性良好,但是,随着氮含量的增加冲击吸收功下降.因此,应把熔敷金属中氮的含量限制在0.01％以内.