哈尔滨市辖区黑土速效养分空间异质性分析

研究在哈尔滨市所辖黑土区的6个市县进行,共采集表层(0～20cm)黑土土样411个,测定了全部样点的有机质、全氮的养分含量,同时测定了部分样点的碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾的养分含量,利用地统计学中协同克立格分析方法并结合经典统计学和GIS技术分析碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾养分空间异质性。分析表明有效磷空间分布符合指数模型,碱解氮、速效钾符合高斯模型,其块金值与基台值之比分别为50.0%、39.7%、6.3%,有效磷和碱解氮为中等程度空间相关水平,速效钾为强度空间相关水平;与克里格对比,应用协克里格插值绘制的三种速效养分空间分布图精度显著提高,为协克里格方法在土壤养分空间异质性分析上的应用提供了实践依据。     

A mathematical model of plant growth with particular reference to winter wheat

The mathematical analysis presented in this paper of plant growth is based on the assumption that the influence of deficiencies in the major root nutrients of water, N, P and K is to reduce the fraction of the plant mass devoted to photosynthesis by increasing the root fraction, thereby diminishing the rate of growth of the total plant.A reciprocal phenomenon occurs with deficiency of light. Using literature data on the influence of environmental conditions on plant growth and in particular on the root/shoot ratio, the relevant rate expressions are derived in a simple form and appear to be generally similar for a wide range of plants during their vegetative phase of growth.     

水文过程对乌裕尔河河滨湿地缓冲带表层土壤养分空间分异的影响

研究了乌裕尔河湿地自然径流区和人为控制区各两个样带的土壤有机质、TN、TP在垂直于径流方向上的空间分异特征,结果表明在坡面径流和洪泛作用的影响下,表层土壤有机质、TN、TP表现出较高的空间异质性,在垂直于径流方向上呈现出累积-消减的趋势,0~15 cm土壤累积-消减趋势明显大于15~30 cm土壤,自然径流区的哈塔、龙安桥样带累积-消减趋势明显大于人为控制区的石家店、龙泡子样带,并应用空间输出/累积系数SEC进行量化和模拟,讨论了不同的土壤养分类型、湿地水文情势随机性及缓冲带植被群落结构对土壤养分空间分异的影响。     

外源营养物对海底沉积物微生物燃料电池电化学性能的影响

以天然海泥(BMFC-0)、添加尿素的海泥(BMFC-1)和添加乳酸的海泥(BMFC-2)构建海底沉积物微生物燃料电池(BMFCs),研究外源添加营养物质对BMFCs电池性能及电极电化学性能的影响。结果表明,尿素和乳酸这两种营养物质明显影响海泥中微生物的数量和电化学性能;计数结果表明,BMFC-2中的细菌数量最多,约为1.08×10~(11)cfu/m~2,分别是BMFC-1和BMFC-0的2.97倍和13.5倍。Tafel测试结果表明,BMFC-2阳极生物膜电化学活性高于BMFC-1和BMFC-0;BMFC-1和BMFC-2的阳极电子交换动力学活性分别是BMFC-0的1.30倍和1.63倍。通路状态下,BMFC-2的输出电压最大(约520 mV),BMFC-0的输出电压最低(约175 mV);BMFC-2的最大输出功率密度为96.57 mW·m~(-2),分别是BMFC-0(10.94 mW·m~(-2))和BMFC-1(51.57 mW·m~(-2))的8.83倍和1.87倍。根据外源营养物质对阳极表面生物膜电容特性影响的分析,提出了外源营养物提高电池性能的模型,阴极表面细菌数量增多,代谢产生的电子数量增加,生物膜增厚,生物模电容和双电层电容增大。     

Sources of water to the seawater well which supplies the fish ponds in Eilat Implications for fishpond management

The sources of water to the well supplying the fishponds in Eilat were determined using a simple mass balance approach, in which the concentration of various components in the source waters were measured and a series of simultaneous equations solved to determine the hydrological budget. It was calculated that 80% of the water supplied to the well was recycled pond water, 10% was seawater and 10% was sewage effluent. On the basis of major ion determinations, it was shown that there could be no significant contribution from natural groundwater.This method of water supply has both disadvantages and benefits. The fishpond system was operated to produce gilthead seabream and grey mullet in the pond and oysters on the pond effluent. The major disadvantage was that the excess nutrients supplied in the inflow may have limited the total biomass of fish which could be grown in the ponds by making them more susceptible to mass mortalities due to both high oxygen or high ammonia/low oxygen concentrations.The benefits include the high productivity of diatoms due to the nutrients supplied which enabled there to be a successful oyster culture. In addition, 95–97% of the nitrogen supplied in the sources was as ammonium which is toxic to fish. After passage through the aerobic groundwater, 97% of the dissolved nitrogen was in the form of nitrate. At the same time, the coliform counts were reduced to undetectable levels. The major ion composition of the pond was enriched 25% relative to seawater because the evaporated seawater was replaced by sewage effluent. Despite this unusual ionic composition fish, oysters and prawns were grown successfully in these ponds.     

Nutrient recovery and crop yield enhancement in irrigation with reclaimed wastewater: a case study

The paper reports results of treated wastewater reuse field experiments carried out in Apulia (Southern Italy). Fennel and lettuce were irrigated with four different water sources: three reclaimed wastewater streams, obtained by applying different treatment schemes to the same municipal wastewater, and a conventional source (well water). Differences between the three effluents were significant in terms of suspended solids and faecal indicators. Both lettuce and fennel yields were enhanced by the high content of nutrients in the effluent of one of the treatment plants, which had been operated for partial nitrogen removal. In particular, fennel productivity was enhanced by replacing chemical fertirrigation with the supply of nutrients contained in the irrigation water.     

Beckton Demonstration Biological Nutrient-Removal Plant

Thames Water have recently built a demonstration-scale biological nutrient-removal plant at Beckton sewage-treatment works to provide (a) operational experience of nutrient removal, and (b) accurate design and cost information. The paper (i) outlines the basic principles of biological nutrient removal, (ii) describes the plant layout at Beckton, and (iii) presents results from the first three months of operation. The plant has removed over 50% of both nitrogen and phosphorus present in the settled sewage but has not been able to meet consistently the most stringent standards proposed by the urban waste water treatment Directive. Periods of good performance are compared with periods of poor performance, and differences in operating conditions are highlighted. From these findings, steps to improve performance are indicated and will be included in the future operational programme.     

河北省主要铁矿迹地复垦区土壤肥力现状调查分析

为了明确铁矿复垦后的土壤养分的恢复状况,对河北省8个地市17个县区的54个铁矿区的原生地貌和复垦区土壤现场采样并进行养分分析。结果表明：无论原生地貌还是复垦区的土壤有机质含量大多数区域处于稍缺、缺乏或极缺水平。原生地貌土壤碱解氮含量除了秦皇岛、承德、张家口外,其他区域均处于稍缺以下;速效磷含量中等或稍缺;速效钾含量在区域间差别较大,从丰富到极缺。复垦后铁矿土壤碱解氮均处于缺乏与极缺水平;速效磷属稍丰与中等水平;速效钾除了秦皇岛外均处于稍缺到极缺。总之,河北省铁矿区复垦后土壤速效氮、速效磷、速效钾含量均处于较低水平,该结果可为后续矿区复垦后土壤的肥力提升提供理论基础。     

Abiotic influences on the biomass of Vallisneria americana Michx. in the Upper Mississippi River

American wildcelery, Vallisneria americana Michx. is an ecologically important component of aquatic communities in the Upper Mississippi River (UMR). We conducted a study in 2002 to determine the association of several abiotic factors on the vegetative growth of Vallisneria in Navigation Pool 8 (Pool 8) of the UMR. We measured turbidity, percent light absorbance, surface water ammonium, surface water nitrate, current velocity, conductivity, pH and water depth throughout one growing season at 56 stratified sites based on where Vallisneria occurred in previous years. Sediment and aboveground biomass samples were collected during peak growth. Sediment was analysed for organic content, particle size, pore water nitrate and pore water ammonium. Vallisneria biomass samples were dried to constant mass. Because some sites were without water for much of the growing season, only data from 52 sites were reported. Biomass was associated with depth, percent light absorbance, turbidity and wind fetch. Vallisneria was abundant in the depth range of 0.55 to 1.03 m, in areas receiving at least 38% of surface light and in areas exposed to greater wind fetch (>2000 m). Our results suggest that the primary abiotic variable associated with Vallisneria americana in the UMR is light, not nutrients. Published in 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

从粒度对钙镁磷肥有效养分测定结果的影响说明应发展砂状钙镁磷肥

通过对比实验，说明按国家标准规定的浸取时间对砂状和粉状钙镁磷肥中有效五氧化二磷、有效镁、碱分（以CaO计）、可溶性硅等有效养分的测定，其细度对测定结果没有影响。考虑到砂状钙镁磷肥具有节能、环保、产量大、便于施用等优点，建议推广使用砂状钙镁磷肥。