我国地方绵羊品种与进口羊腿肉的营养质构差异分析

目的分析对比我国不同产区主要地方品种与进口羊腿肉的营养品质与质构差异。方法选取中东部农牧交错带肉羊优势区域主要产区:内蒙古锡林郭勒;西北肉羊优势区域的代表产区:新疆、甘肃和宁夏,以乌珠穆沁羊、滩羊、哈萨克羊3个地方品种为主,同时对比来自澳大利亚和新西兰的进口羊腿,品种分别为澳洲白与无角陶赛特羊。分析羊腿的蛋白、脂肪、脂肪酸及氨基酸、维生素、矿物质含量,以及质构参数。结果澳大利亚羊腿蛋白含量较高;甘肃肃北哈萨克羊脂肪酸组成最优;内蒙古锡林郭勒阿巴嘎旗乌珠穆沁羊的钙、磷、钾含量均较高。结论营养成分受品种、饲养方式、地理环境等综合影响:蛋白含量与品种有关,放牧会增加羊腿中不饱和脂肪酸的含量,地理环境与饲料共同影响羊腿的矿质元素含量特征;口感受饲养方式影响较大,放牧会导致羊肉硬度较高。     

Advection,growth and nutrient status of phytoplankton populations in the lower River Murray,South Australia

To investigate the link between river flow, nutrient availability and development of algal blooms, growth rates of the major phytoplankton species were examined in situ in the lower River Murray, South Australia over the 1994/1995 summer. Eight sites were selected over a 54 km reach between Lock 1 and Nildottie and growth rates estimated by monitoring mean cell density in time‐aligned parcels of water as they travelled downstream. Discharge at Lock 1 during the period of study (3000–5000 ML day⁻¹) typified summer entitlement flows to South Australia. A large, shallow floodplain lake (lagoon), with an hydraulic connection to the river, supported a large population of cyanobacteria in summer, but inputs to the main channel did not substantially affect the abundance and composition of river phytoplankton. Mean net growth rates of Anabaena circinalis and A. flos‐aquae f. flos‐aquae were 0.132 and 0.176 day⁻¹, respectively, although individual rates varied from positive to negative. In contrast, the mean growth rate of the filamentous diatom Aulacoseira granulata was −0.15 day⁻¹, reflecting a decrease in population size with advection downstream. Mean cell densities of the three species did not exceed 5000 cells mL⁻¹ throughout the study. Growth bioassays conducted in the laboratory indicated that nitrogen was often the nutrient limiting algal growth, although it was not established whether nitrogen was limiting in situ. A conceptual model is presented, linking these findings with those of other work on the lower River Murray, to summarize the physical and chemical environmental factors governing the abundance of cyanobacteria in this reach of the river. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Genetic and environmental variability in starch,fatty acids and mineral nutrients composition in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L) Walp)

Fifteen cowpea cultivars grown in three locations (Kano (12°00′N 8°31′E), Mokwa (9°17′N 5°04′E) and Ago-Iwoye (6°58′N 4°00′)) between 1993 and 1994 were analysed for genotype, environmental and genotype×environment variability for starch (g kg⁻¹), fatty acids (% of total oil) and mineral nutrients (g kg⁻¹) composition. There were significant environmental as well as genetic effects on these nutritional qualities. The environmental effect accounted largely for the variability observed in starch (60%), palmitic acid (80%), arachidic acid (100%), potassium (100%), phosphorus (81%) and manganese (86%), while the genotypic effect accounted largely for the variability observed in linoleic acid (50%), linolenic acid (50%) and copper (68%) contents. Correlation coefficient (pooled data) from the three locations indicated that starch was positively correlated to palmitic acid (r = 0·21, 0·01< P < 0·05), potassium (r = 0·80, P < 0·001) and phosphorus (r = 0·65, P < 0·001), but negatively correlated to oleic (r = −0·23, 0·01< P < 0·05), linoleic (r = −0·67, P < 0·001) and linolenic acid (r = −0·74, P < 0·001) contents. Starch showed a strong positive correlation with magnesium content (r = 0·75) and a strong negative correlation with copper (r = −0·73) and iron (r = −0·62) at the genetic level. This research established the degree of variability for these characters in cowpea. © 1998 Society of Chemical Industry.     

Predicting phytoplankton composition in the River Thames,England

Phytoplankton were sampled fortnightly in summer and monthly in winter for 33 months to determine temporal and spatial variations in taxonomic structure and relate these to the physical and chemical environment. Using canonical correspondence analysis, environmental variables selected by stepwise regression were found to be correlated with the major variable(s) determining phytoplankton composition. An improved proportion of explained variance was achieved by classifying data into three seasonal subsets. The highest percentage of explained variance in phytoplankton composition was achieved for the months March to May (36·5%), the lowest variance explained was for the period June to September (28·6%). Within each season, general linear modelling was used to predict taxa responses to variations in particular environmental variables. Taxa responses to discharge are presented as examples for determining river management policies. The rationale of conceptual models and the empirical models used for this study are discussed. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

液相循环水热法污泥减量及资源化利用

为攻克目前污泥水热产物价值相对较低、水热液过剩等问题,提出将水热液作为水热介质多次循环利用的工艺方案。通过分析污泥中氮、磷及有机质等重要资源在水热固、液相中的转化及分配规律,探究水热液循环利用在提高污泥水热产物价值、节约水资源方面的可行性和潜在优势。结果表明：水热液循环利用促进液相产物中氮、磷成分积累,在250℃水热条件下,3次循环后液相氨氮质量浓度高达17 000 mg/L,液相总磷质量浓度为200 mg/L,分别是一次水热结果的4倍和5倍,显著提升水热液的资源回收效率;水热液循环利用促进水热固相的成炭过程,有助于提高污泥水热炭化产物的利用价值。通过调控水热反应强度、增加水热液循环次数,可实现水热产物价值最大化,同时提升水资源利用效率。研究结果可为水热法实现市政污泥高效减量化、资源化利用提供理论和技术支撑。     

武陵山地植烟土壤养分和酸度垂直分布特征

为了解种植烤烟对武陵山地土壤养分和酸度垂直变化的影响,采集了湘西烟区不同土壤类型和种植方式的典型剖面土壤,分析了植烟土壤养分和酸度参数的垂直分布特征。结果表明,土壤养分和缓冲容量随土壤深度增加而减少。随土壤剖面深度增加,黄棕壤的pH变化较小,紫色土和黄红壤pH增加,黄壤pH先增加后减少再增加;黄棕壤和黄壤的潜性酸变化较小,黄红壤的潜性酸呈下降趋势,紫色土的潜性酸呈跳跃式变化;黄棕壤、紫色土和黄红壤的阳离子交换量、交换性盐基总量、盐基饱和度以底层相对较高,黄壤以表层相对较高。表层土壤的酸度参数变异大;紫色土和黄红壤的表层土壤交换性酸、交换性氢和交换性铝极显著高于黄棕壤和黄壤;表层土壤交换性盐基总量和阳离子交换量以黄壤相对较高,土壤盐基饱和度以黄棕壤和黄壤相对较高。酸碱缓冲容量按大小排序为黄红壤 > 黄壤 > 黄棕壤 > 紫色土。长期种植烤烟会导致植烟土壤养分表聚化和酸化,水旱轮作和施用石灰、种植绿肥具有改善酸化土壤的作用。     

不同前作对烟田土壤养分、酶活性及烤烟生长的影响

为明确不同前茬作物对土壤和烤烟生产的影响,采用田间试验研究了冬闲、绿肥和大蒜3种前茬处理对土壤养分、土壤酶活性、烤烟生长和烟叶质量的影响。结果表明：（1）与冬闲处理相比较,烤烟移栽时,前作种植大蒜与种植绿肥处理的土壤pH分别降低了0.48和0.46个单位;土壤速效钾分别增加了108.80和217.39 mg/kg;采收结束后,前作大蒜和绿肥处理的土壤有效磷、速效钾及可溶性有机碳含量显著升高,且绿肥效果显著大于大蒜;前作大蒜和绿肥处理提高了土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶活性,且绿肥效果大于大蒜处理。（2）前作大蒜处理烤烟生物产量移栽后30 d与冬闲处理相当,移栽后60 d显著高于冬闲处理;前作绿肥处理在移栽后30 d生物产量显著低于冬闲处理,但移栽后60 d显著高于冬闲处理;不同前作处理对烤烟氮素和钾素吸收的影响与对生物产量影响的趋势相一致。（3）前作种植大蒜和绿肥可以提高烟叶产量和产值,且绿肥效果高于大蒜,但需要注意的是种植绿肥导致烟叶氮含量增加,烟叶感官评吸质量明显下降。综上所述,前茬种植大蒜与绿肥均能在一定程度上改善烟田土壤条件、提高烟叶产量,绿肥还田后烤烟要适当减少施肥量。     

Dissolution tests as a tool for predicting bioaccessibility of nutrients during digestion

Bioaccessibility and bioavailability of active ingredients (like vitamins, antioxidants, etc.) into food systems is often compromised by factors like low permeability and/or solubility within the gut, lack of stability during food processing (temperature and oxygen) as well as in the gastrointestinal tract (pH, enzymes, presence of other nutrients). Moreover, little is known on the influence of food structure and breakdown in the gut on nutrient release. The possibility of predicting the release of nutrients from food matrices under simulated gastrointestinal conditions is of great relevance in order to define which food matrix is best for which nutrient, as well as for looking at the interaction of ingredients with the enzymes involved in the digestive process. This study explores the potential relevance of dissolution tests as a tool for predicting bioaccessibility of nutrients during in vitro digestion. Whey protein hydrogels containing green tea extract (GTE) were chosen for this study. Different simulated in vitro gastrointestinal conditions (GI) were applied throughout the dissolution experiments and the GTE was analysed by UV–vis absorption spectroscopy. It was possible to distinguish between two different release kinetics when experiments were performed in simulated gastric or intestinal media. In the gastric step, the kinetic of GTE release was lower than in an intestinal environment, suggesting that more GTE is released and available for absorption into the intestine than in the stomach. The present study shows that it is possible to use the dissolution tester as a screening method to mimic nutrient release from a food matrix in the gastrointestinal tract.     

江西省于都县黄麟地区土质量地球化学评价及开发建议

基于于都县黄麟地区1∶〖KG-*2〗5万土地质量地球化学调查采样分析获得土壤养分元素和重金属元素测试数据,参照《土壤环境质量 农用地土壤污染风险管控标准》（试行）（GB 15618—2018）和《土地质量地球化学评价规范》（DZ/T 0295—2016）,对于都县黄麟地区土壤养分和土壤环境质量进行评价,并在此基础上,将两者叠加分析,对研究区土壤质量地球化学综合等级进行评价。结果表明:研究区内土壤养分总体呈中等—较缺乏状态;土壤环境质量总体良好;研究区土壤质量以中等—优质土壤为主,两者占全区面积的92.4%;研究区绿色食品产地、绿色富Se土地资源较丰富,利于集中开发利用,具备建立大面积绿色食品产地和绿色富Se农业基地的条件。     

黑莓叶营养成分分析

对黑莓叶中主要营养成分、氨基酸组成及矿质元素含量进行测定与分析,并与枸杞叶、柿叶、桑叶、显齿蛇葡萄叶、雀舌茶进行比较。结果表明：黑莓叶的粗蛋白含量(20.39g/100g)、纤维素含量(14.52g/100g)较高,总黄酮(3.75g/100g)含量丰富;其氨基酸组成全面,氨基酸总含量(19830mg/100g)及必需氨基酸含量(7459mg/100g)均高于其余果叶;其矿质元素含量丰富,其中Ca、K、Mg、Na、P、Fe、Zn、Cu、Mn等人体必需微量元素含量较多,Pb含量(3.18mg/kg)低于茶叶国家标准限量,Cd、Cr、Co含量较低。黑莓叶是一种优质的果叶茶,并可对其黄酮类活性成分进行深入研究与开发。