国产重油气化炉的研制与应用

在消化吸收引进技术的基础上，解决了重油气化炉壳体开孔直径比超规范、喷嘴设计和制造、刚玉砖的性能改进、大法兰堆焊等技术难题。国产重油气化炉经实际生产运行证明，操作平稳、工艺技术性能和设备部件质量均达到国内先进水平，并取得了较好的经济效益。     

天山西部地区水面蒸发量计算模型研究

利用天山西部地区9个县市气象站近50年的降水、气温和水面蒸发观测资料,分析了天山西部地区干旱指数与干燥度的关系,并推导出用降水和气温资料计算E601型蒸发器观测值表示的水面蒸发量的方法。结果表明,天山西部地区代表站年以及春、夏、秋三季干旱指数与干燥度的相关性十分显著,因此可以利用年降水或春、夏、秋三季降水和平均气温资料计算相应水面蒸发量的经验性模型。通过对各代表站水面蒸发量的拟合检验计算,单站模型和5站综合模型拟合结果均符合《水文情报预报规范》有关规定和技术标准,因此推导的计算方法具有很好的实用价值。     

Nanospace‐confined synthesis of coconut‐like SnS/C nanospheres for high‐rate and stable lithium‐ion batteries

Coconut‐like monocrystalline SnS/C nanospheres are developed as anode materials for lithium‐ion batteries by a micro‐evaporation‐plating strategy in confined nanospaces, achieving reversible capacities as high as 936 mAh g^?1 at 0.1 A g^?1 after 50 cycles and 830 mAh g^?1 at 0.5 A g^?1 for another 250 cycles. The remarkably improved electrochemical performances can be mainly attributed to their unique structural features, which can perfectly combine the advantages of the face‐to‐face contact of core/shell nanostructure and enough internal void space of yolk/shell nanostructure, and therefore well‐addressing the pivotal issues related to SnS low conductivity, sluggish reaction kinetics, and serious structure pulverization during the lithiation/delithiation process. The evolutionary process of the nanospheres is clearly elucidated based on experimental results and a multiscale kinetic simulation combining the microscopic reaction‐diffusion equation and the mesoscopic theory of crystal growth. Furthermore, a LiMn₂O₄//SnS/C full cell is assembled, likewise exhibiting excellent electrochemical performance. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 64: 1965–1974, 2018     

Influence of Solvent–Evaporation Effect on the Structure and Properties of PVDF-g-PNIPAAm Membranes

Temperature-sensitive poly(vinylidene fluoride)-graft-poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)(PVDF-g-PNIPAAm) copolymer was synthesized and its flat membranes were prepared through phase inversion method with mixture of N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) and tetrahydrofuran (THF) as solvent in water coagulation bath. The effects of “open time” (solvent–evaporation time) on the structure and performance of membranes were investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, field-emission scanning electronic microscopy, contact angle, filtration experiments and static protein adsorption. It was found that the increasing “open time” endowed the membrane with more pores on the surface, higher flux and better hydrophilicity, provided the membrane with lower protein adsorption. Thus, the copolymer membranes showed a good antiprotein fouling.     

真空退火的CdTe/Au掺杂HgCdTe界面状态的影响

对使用CdTe覆盖的HgCdTe材料在不同温度下进行了一系列的退火实验.研究发现,退火可以改善电子束蒸发CdTe的晶体状态,使CdTe和HgCdTe之间的界面状态得到改善.Au掺杂HgCdTe覆盖CdTe后,真空条件下退火,240℃和300℃对Au掺杂的浓度分布改变不大,Au掺杂的浓度几乎不变.但是,温度的不同会对汞空位的浓度产生显著的影响,因此退火温度不同会使载流子浓度明显不同.退火温度从240℃升高至300℃后,霍尔测试得到的载流子浓度从2×10~(16)cm~(-3)左右升高至5.5×1016cm~(-3)左右.     

Evaporation of multi—components in Ti—25Al—25Nb melt during induction skull melting process

Based on activity calculation model, t he activity coefficients of Ti, Al and Nb components of Ti-25Al-25Nb (mole fraction, %) melt, the vapor pressu res of correspo nding components and the evaporation loss rates were calculated. Utilizing these activity coefficients and the vapor pressures, the relative evaporation coeffic ient is used to judge the evaporation tendency of these components. The evapora tion tendency among the three components were compared and the result shows that the evaporation tendency is that: AlTi>Nb. Evaporation loss rate increases with the increase of melting temperature and decreases with the increase of chamber pressure. There exists an impeding pressure pimpe of Al element evapo ration during induction skull melting process of Ti-25Al-25Nb alloy. The impeding pressu re can be written as pimpe=8.1pe, where perepresents the equilibrium partial pressure. The calculation of evaporation loss of Al element also showed that when chamber pressure exceeds pimpe, the Al volatilization losses could be ignored. In order to prevent the evaporation loss of components, the pressure in the vacuum chamber should not below pimpe.     

Hard and superhard TiAlBN coatings deposited by twin electron-beam evaporation

Superhard nanostructured coatings, prepared by plasma-assisted chemical vapour deposition (PACVD) and physical vapour deposition (PAPVD) techniques, such as vacuum arc evaporation and magnetron sputtering, are receiving increasing attention due to their potential applications for wear protection. In this study nanocomposite (TiAl)B_xN_y (0.09 ≤ x ≤ 1.35; 1.07 ≤ y ≤ 2.30) coatings, consisting of nanocrystalline (Ti,Al)N and amorphous BN, were deposited onto Si (100), AISI 316 stainless steel and AISI M2 tool steel substrates by co-evaporation of Ti and hot isostatically pressed (HIPped) Ti-Al-B-N material from a thermionically enhanced twin crucible electron-beam (EB) evaporation source in an Ar plasma at 450 °C. The coating stoichiometry, relative phase composition, nanostructure and mechanical properties were determined using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), in combination with nanoindentation measurements. Aluminium (∼ 10 at.% in coatings) was found to substitute for titanium in the cubic TiN based structure. (Ti,Al)B_0.14N_1.12 and (Ti,Al)B_0.45N_1.37 coatings with average (Ti,Al)N grain sizes of 5-6 nm and either ∼ 70, or ∼ 90, mol% (Ti,Al)N showed hardness and elastic modulus values of ∼ 40 and ∼ 340 GPa, respectively. (Ti,Al)B_0.14N_1.12 coatings retained their ‘as-deposited’ mechanical properties for more than 90 months at room temperature in air, comparing results gathered from eight different nanoindentation systems. During vacuum annealing, all coatings examined exhibited structural stability to temperatures in excess of 900 °C, and revealed a moderate, but significant, increase in hardness. For (Ti,Al)B_0.14N_1.12 coatings the hardness increased from ∼ 40 to ∼ 45 GPa.     

金刚石表面真空蒸镀的微观现象和实用研究

以金属铬和铬钛合金进行真空蒸镀。研究了镀膜的形貌、结构和转化行为。利用这种工艺对金刚石实施表面改性，并对金刚石／金属烧结体进行性能考核。结果证明，真空蒸镀对改善金刚石工具的内界面结合强度有相当显著的效果。     

Mechanism of laser assisted field evaporation from insulating oxides

To explain the recent successful three-dimensional atom probe (3DAP) analyses of insulating oxides by laser assisted field evaporation, we investigated the mechanism of the laser-induced field evaporation of oxides by ab initio calculations. The calculated potential energy surfaces (PESs) for the ground and excited states indicated that the activation barrier height for field evaporation is substantially reduced by the accumulation of holes near the tip apex. This would make the direct electronic excitation possible to promote field evaporation along with thermal excitation. These theoretical calculations are supported by experimental observations.     

FePd合金超微粒子的制备与性能

研究了用惰性气体凝聚法制备FePd合金超微粒子(UFP),并测定其产物性能结果表明,母合金的成分及组元的活度系数对产物有重要的影响,只有蒸发N_(Fe)=0.5的合金,才能制得均匀的单相合金超微粒子,用XRD,TEM和DSC分析表明Fe_(50)Pd_(50)合金的UFP稳定性比Fe的UFP提高,其矫顽力较相同成分的粗粉提高几倍并可达4.30×10~4A/m以上