渭河流域地下水的水化学特征及形成机制

在对渭河流域407组地下水的水化学数据及139组含水层岩土样数据分析的基础上,运用图解法、数理统计法、Gibbs半对数法及PHREEQC模拟等方法对渭河流域地下水的水化学特征及形成机制进行了研究,取得了一些新的认识。根据地下水系统划分原则,将整个渭河流域的地下水系统划分为5个二级地下水系统:陇西黄土高原子系统、陇东黄土高原子系统、陕北黄土高原子系统、关中盆地子系统以及秦岭北麓子系统。渭河流域水化学类型主要是以HCO3-Ca、HCO3-Na为主,北部和中部还分布有HCO3·SO4-Na、HCO3·SO4·Cl-Na、SO4·Cl·HCO3-Na及Cl·SO4-Na型水,大部分地区地下水中的TDS为小于1g/L的淡水。地下水化学成分的形成主要受含水层矿物的溶解/沉淀、蒸发浓缩及阳离子交换作用的影响。     

Influence of growth conditions of oxide on electrical properties of AlGaN/GaN metal–insulator–semiconductor transistors

AlGaN/GaN metal–insulator–semiconductor high-electron-mobility transistors(MIS-HEMTs) on a silicon substrate were fabricated with silicon oxide as a gate dielectric by sputtering deposition and electron-beam(EB) evaporation. It was found that the oxide deposition method and conditions have great influences on the electrical properties of HEMTs. The low sputtering temperature or oxygen introduction at higher temperature results in a positive equivalent charge density at the oxide/AlGaN interface(Nequ), which induces a negative shift of threshold voltage and an increase in both sheet electron density(ns) and drain current density(ID). Contrarily, EB deposition makes a negative Nequ, resulting in reduced ns and ID. Besides, the maximum transconductance(gm-max) decreases and the off-state gate current density(I_G-off) increases for oxides at lower sputtering temperature compared with that at higher temperature, possibly due to a more serious sputter-induced damage and much larger Nequ at lower sputtering temperature. At high sputtering temperature, I_G-off decreases by two orders of magnitude compared to that without oxygen, which indicates that oxygen introduction and partial pressure depression of argon decreases the sputter-induced damage significantly. I_G-off for EB-evaporated samples is lower by orders of magnitude than that of sputtered ones, possibly attributed to the lower damage of EB evaporation to the barrier layer surface.     

一种蒸发波导的集合诊断方法及其数值预报应用

基于Babin模型并分析了海上蒸发波导对气象输入参数的敏感性,引入数值天气预报中集合预报的思路,提出了一种新的蒸发波导诊断方法——集合诊断方法（Babin_Ens法）.运用它对中国近海4个岛屿站点的实测数据进行了波导诊断结果的对比验证,发现：与Babin模型（Babin法）相比,Babin_Ens法使波导高度与强度偏差的平均改进率分别达到了23.49%与19.29%.进一步尝试运用Babin_Ens法对WRF（Weather Research and Forecasting）模式的预报信息进行了蒸发波导的数值预报,波导高度与强度预报偏差的平均改进率分别提高了14.01%和16.92%.研究表明,集合诊断可以显著地提高波导信息的诊断准确度,是一种改进蒸发波导诊断准确度的可行途径.     

干旱区平原水库消减水面蒸发试验研究

为减少蒸发造成的干旱区平原水库水量损失,进行了苯板覆盖水面消减蒸发的节水试验。试验分别采用蒸发池面积的25%、50%、75%、100%的苯板覆盖水面以探析不同面积条件下苯板对蒸发的消减规律。结果表明,不同面积苯板覆盖条件下,分别减少了23.85%、39.63%、55.54%、63.85%的蒸发水量。为探索苯板实际应用的可行性,在水库进行了实际铺设研究。研究表明,苯板在合理铺设的情况下,可以抵抗一定风浪作用,进而达到消减平原水库无效蒸发的目的。本实验对提高干旱区水资源有效利用率和水资源调配能力具有重要意义。     

New dimensions of reservoir sedimentation: a case study of Khodiyar Reservoir,India

Medium and small reservoirs in water‐scarce regions face two extreme hydrological conditions. In years of lesser rainfall, inadequate water storage in the reservoir is a matter of concern. In contrast, flash floods portend disaster in years of better rainfall. There are also other possible hydrological, hydraulic and structural imbalances that may arise because of sedimentation. This study describes these dimensions, citing the example of Khodiyar Reservoir in Gujarat, India. The reservoir capacity was reduced by 36.12%, and a new zero elevation raised by 50% over 41 years. This study indicated the reservoir experienced silting at a much faster rate during the initial inflow years, reaching a regime state after 20 years. During this period, the water evaporation and seepage losses increased because of storage losses. In addition to reducing the flood return periods, sedimentation also could pose structural instability. The analyses of this study indicated the need for evaluating the regime condition in the planning stage to marginalize the effects of reservoir sedimentation on the socio‐economic aspects of water resources development.     

Effect of post deposition heat treatment on microstructure parameters,optical constants and composition of thermally evaporated CdTe thin films

Thin film microstructure and its properties can be effectively altered with post deposition heat treatments. In this respect, CdTe thin films were deposited on glass substrates at a substrate temperature of 200 °C using thermal evaporation technique, followed by air annealing at different temperatures from 200 to 500 °C. Structural analysis reveals that CdTe thin films have a cubic zincblend structure with two oxide phases related to CdTe₂O₅ and CdTeO₃ at annealing temperature of 400 and 500 °C respectively. Regardless of the annealing temperature, the plane (111) was found to be the preferred orientation for all films. The crystallite size was observed to increase with annealing temperature. All films were found to display higher lattice parameters than the standard, and hence found to carry a compressive stress. Optical measurements suggest high uniformity of films both before and after post deposition heat treatment. Films annealed at 400 °C displayed superior optical properties due to its high refractive index, optical conductivity, relative density and low disorder. Furthermore, according to the compositional measurements, CdTe thin films were found to exhibit Te rich and Cd rich nature at regions near the substrate and center of the film respectively, for all annealing temperatures. However, composition of the regions near the substrate was found to become more Te rich with increasing annealing temperature. The study suggests that changing the annealing temperature as a post deposition treatment affects structural and optical properties of CdTe thin film as well as its composition. According to the observations, films annealed at 400 °C can be concluded to be the best films for photovoltaic applications due to its superior optical and structural properties.     

Thermally evaporated copper oxide films: A view of annealing effect on physical and gas sensing properties

The present paper reports a facile approach to prepare copper oxide (CuO) films directly onto a glass substrate by thermal evaporation method and their chemiresistive properties towards hazardous nitrogen dioxide (NO₂). The influence of annealing temperature on structural, morphological, and gas sensing properties of the CuO films has been thoroughly investigated and reported. Structural and morphological analyses has confirmed the formation of polycrystalline monoclinic CuO with uniformly distributed nanoparticles over the substrate surface. Gas sensing measurements on CuO films reveal the high response, excellent selectivity, fast response-recovery time signatures, good repeatability, and stability towards lower concentration of NO₂ gas @150 °C. A maximum response of 48% towards 100 ppm NO₂ has been achieved. Gas sensing results demonstrate an influence of morphology on the NO₂ sensing performance of CuO films. In addition, the interactions between CuO sensor film and NO₂ gas molecules are studied through an impendence spectroscopy analysis.     

Structural,electrical and optical properties of stoichiometric In2Te3 thin films

In₂Te₃ thin films were grown by thermal evaporation technique. The annealing of films played a major role to obtain stoichiometry, regardless of substrate temperature. Annealing at 300 ⁰C resulted in well oriented, mono-phased and nearly stoichiometric In₂Te₃ thin films. The variation in grain size of In₂Te₃ films associated with the substrate temperatures provides a significant control over the resistivity of the films, and the resistivity decreased with an increase in the grain size. The activation energy and optical band gap of stoichiometric In₂Te₃ films were found to be 0.01±0.005 eV and 0.99±0.02 eV, respectively. The absorption co-efficient of these films was found to be of the order of 10⁵ cm⁻¹.     

纳滤膜在高盐废水零排放领域的分盐性能研究

煤化工高盐废水蒸发结晶的产品主要是NaCl和Na_2SO_4,通常100℃析出Na_2SO_4,50℃产出NaCl,二者共饱和时液相[Cl~-]/[SO_4~(2-)]分别为5.2和4.1,为提升分盐效率,应使进料[Cl~-]/[SO_4~(2-)]5.2或4.1,为此拟通过纳滤膜来实现这一目标。通过中试试验验证纳滤膜的分盐性能,结果表明:当进水[Cl~-]/[SO_4~(2-)]=1.2时,纳滤产水[Cl~-]/[SO_4~(2-)]=13.64.1,纳滤浓水[Cl~-]/[SO_4~(2-)]=0.35.2,SO_4~(2-)截留率为90.3%,Cl~-截留率为-7.2%;当进水[Cl~-]/[SO_4~(2-)]=3.0时,纳滤产水[Cl~-]/[SO_4~(2-)]=45.84.1,纳滤浓水[Cl~-]/[SO_4~(2-)]=0.85.2,SO_4~(2-)截留率为92.2%,Cl~-截留率为-4.5%。由此可见,采用纳滤膜进行初步分盐可以大大提升蒸发结晶的分盐效率。     

基于(火用)分析的氧化铝多效蒸发过程液位优化设定方法

在拜耳法生产氧化铝多效蒸发过程中,各蒸发器液位是影响流程各个参数的重要变量,对整个蒸发过程的优化操作十分重要。但实际生产中各效蒸发器液位的设定值通常是一个较大的范围,难以优化运用。针对此问题提出了一种基于(火用)分析的多效蒸发流程液位优化设定方法。在对液位作用机理分析的基础上,基于整个流程的实际生产数据,拟合得到了每效包含液位随其他参数变化的关系模型。结合蒸发流程物料平衡关系以及(火用)分析方法,建立了综合(火用)效率评价指标的能耗优化模型。最后,采用两种不同约束处理技术和状态转移算法,计算了不同酸洗周期下的各效蒸发器最优液位,得到了优化目标随各个效液位高度变化的关系曲线。