考虑降雨和蒸发条件的非饱和朗肯土压力计算分析

降雨和蒸发会引起非饱和土体中水分的改变,从而导致基质吸力的变化。针对降雨和蒸发对非饱和土压力的影响,将稳定状态下非饱和土中的水流控制方程运用到朗肯土压力计算中,同时考虑中间主应力的影响,推导出降雨和蒸发条件下主动土压力公式和被动土压力公式,克服了朗肯土压力的不足。研究结果表明:降雨条件下,随着中间主应力参数b的增大和降雨强度的减小,主动土压力逐渐减小,被动土压力逐渐增大;蒸发条件下,随着中间主应力参数b和蒸发强度的逐渐增大,主动土压力逐渐减小,被动土压力逐渐增大。在进行土压力计算时,考虑降雨、蒸发和中间主应力的影响,更符合实际情况,更能发挥非饱和土体的自身性能。     

表面处理水平管外海水降膜蒸发传热的初步实验研究

对经处理的表面进行了传热性能测定和表面抗垢特性的考察。考察了淡水和海水在离子镀铬、氮化钛和化学处理水平铝管外表面的降膜传热热性。实验结果表明，经过表面改性处理后的表面可以实现高传热率、耐腐蚀和抗污垢的多重综合功效，对于开发新型海水淡化蒸发技术和设备具有重要的意义。但是表面处理的工艺条件需作进一步的研究和分析，以期实现在较长时期内的稳定工作的需要。     

三效错流降膜真空蒸发低浓度氯化铵废水工艺

离子交换法生产碳酸钾流程中排出的废液严重污染环境。分析了含氯化铵工业废水蒸发回收过程中的技术难点，确定了回收的工艺流程，采用三效错流降膜真空蒸发工艺，有效地解决了能耗过高、设备腐蚀严重、氯化铵升华等技术难题。该工艺具有流程简单、设备和运行费用低的特点，经实际应用，取得了很好的经济效益和社会效益。     

Diffusion controlled kinetics of crosslinking

Reactions of polymer formation and crosslinking become diffusion controlled when, during the reaction, the increasing glass transition temperature T_g comes close to the reaction temperature, the reaction still goes on below T_g but the reaction rate decreases steeply. A theory is presented relating the apparent rate constant to the difference between the reaction temperature and T_g based on the free volume or the Adam-Gibbs theory of glass transition. The theory is correlated with experiments on curing of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A with 1,3-propanediamine. The implications for formation of protective films chemically crosslinked are discussed. The presence of a solvent and its evaporation affects the reaction rate through a change in concentrations of reactants as well as in T_g.     

用电子束蒸镀法制备S－H（LH）~p膜

用电子束蒸镀法制备Ｓ－Ｈ（ＬＨ）￣ｐ膜蒋玉兰，顾迅（上海交通大学表面工程研究所２０００５２）Ｓ－Ｈ（ＬＨ）￣ＰＦｉｌｍｓＰｒｅｐａｒｅｄｂｙＥｌｅｃｔｒｏｎ－ＢｅａｍＥｖａｐｏｒａｔｉｖｅＤｅｐｏｓｉｔｉｏｎ￥ＪｉａｎｇＹｕｌａｎ；ＧｕＸｕｎ（Ｓｕｒ...     

农业真实节水技术研究

真实节水系指节省在农田水循环中难以回收的水损失（尤其蒸腾、蒸发量）和提高水的转化率。结合黑龙江省水利实践,对节水灌溉（尤其水稻控灌）、井灌、低水位运行,水稻直播栽培等真实节水进行初步研究。     

湿法磷酸浓缩装置的多级蒸发设计

大型的湿法磷酸浓缩装置往往由若干个浓缩循环回路组成，需要配置多台闪蒸室和多台石墨换热器，于是就产生了选择单级蒸发还是多级蒸发的问题。多级蒸发与单级蒸发相比，具有投资省、节能、产品质量好等一系列的优点。近年来，随着我国磷复肥生产装置规模不断扩大，湿法磷酸浓缩装置的规模已达300kt／a P2O5和600kt／a P2O5。开发和应用多级蒸发技术的条件在我国已经具备，多级蒸发是大型湿法磷酸浓缩装置技术进步的方向。     

气相缓蚀剂研究进展

阐述了气相缓蚀剂的作用原理，概要介绍了常用缓蚀剂的类型、特点、缓蚀性能、应用领域和使用前景，并对这些缓蚀剂的使用形式及评价方法进行了归纳总结，对气相缓蚀今后的发展趋势进行了综述。     

Global estimates of evapotranspiration for climate studies using multi-sensor remote sensing data: Evaluation of three process-based approaches

Three process based models are used to estimate terrestrial heat fluxes and evapotranspiration (ET) at the global scale: a single source energy budget model, a Penman-Monteith based approach, and a Priestley-Taylor based approach. All models adjust the surface resistances or provide ecophysiological constraints to account for changing environmental factors. Evaporation (or sublimation) over snow-covered regions is calculated consistently for all models using a modified Penman equation. Instantaneous fluxes of latent heat computed at the time of satellite overpass are linearly scaled to the equivalent daily evapotranspiration using the computed evaporative fraction and the day-time net radiation. A constant fraction (10% of daytime evaporation) is used to account for the night time evaporation. Interception losses are computed using a simple water budget model. We produce daily evapotranspiration and sensible heat flux for the global land surface at 5 km spatial resolution for the period 2003-2006. With the exception of wind and surface pressure, all model inputs and forcings are obtained from satellite remote sensing.Satellite-based inputs and model outputs were first carefully evaluated at the site scale on a monthly-mean basis, then as a four-year mean against a climatological estimate of ET over 26 major basins, and finally in terms of a latitudinal profile on an annual basis. Intercomparison of the monthly model estimates of latent and sensible heat fluxes with 12 eddy-covariance towers across the U.S. yielded mean correlation of 0.57 and 0.54, respectively. Satellite-based meteorological datasets of 2 m temperature (0.83), humidity (0.70), incident shortwave radiation (0.64), incident longwave radiation (0.67) were found to agree well at the tower scale, while estimates of wind speed correlated poorly (0.17). Comparisons of the four year mean annual ET for 26 global river basins and global latitudinal profiles with a climatologically estimated ET resulted in a Kendall's τ > 0.70. The seasonal cycle over the continents is well represented in the Hovmöeller plots and the suppression of ET during major droughts in Europe, Australia and the Amazon are well picked up. This study provides the first ever moderate resolution estimates of ET on a global scale using only remote sensing based inputs and forcings, and furthermore the first ever multi-model comparison of process-based remote sensing estimates using the same inputs.     

Pulsed-laser atom probe studies of a precipitation hardened maraging TRIP steel

A precipitation hardened maraging TRIP steel was analyzed using a pulsed laser atom probe. The laser pulse energy was varied from 0.3 to 1.9 nJ to study its effect on the measured chemical compositions and spatial resolution. Compositional analyses using proximity histograms did not show any significant variations in the average matrix and precipitate compositions. The only remarkable change in the atom probe data was a decrease in the ++/+ charge state ratios of the elements. The values of the evaporation field used for the reconstructions exhibit a linear dependence on the laser pulse energy. The adjustment of the evaporation fields used in the reconstructions for different laser pulse energies was based on the correlation of the obtained cluster shapes to the TEM observations. No influence of laser pulse energy on chemical composition of the precipitates and on the chemical sharpness of their interfaces was detected.