Engineered biomimicry for harvesting solar energy: a bird's eye view

All three methodologies of engineered biomimicry – bioinspiration, biomimetics, and bioreplication – are represented in current research on harvesting solar energy. Both processes and porous surfaces inspired by plants and certain marine animals, respectively, are being investigated for solar cells. Whereas dye-sensitized solar cells deploy artificial photosynthesis, bioinspired nanostructuring of materials in solar cells improves performance. Biomimetically textured coatings for solar cells have been shown to reduce optical reflectance and increase optical absorptance over a broad spectral regime. Compound lenses fabricated by a bioreplication technique offer similar promise for reduced reflectance by increasing the angular field of view.     

微藻太阳能电池的初步研究

采用自主研制的双室光电化学池,首次选用绿藻--亚心型扁藻作为光电化学池的阳极生物催化剂,进行了微藻太阳能电池初步研究.运用电流-时间(amperometric i-t)曲线测定方法,通过空白对比实验,证实研制的微藻太阳能电池具有光电转换功能,实现了光能-电能转换,同时证实了所研制的微藻太阳能电池的有效性.实验结果证明了利用微藻细胞光合作用进行光电转换的可行性,从而为新型生物太阳能电池研究开发奠定基础.     

硼对烤烟生理生化及产质量的影响

本试验对烤烟的Ｂ＾３＋肥效应进行了研究。结果表明,施用适量的Ｂ＾３＋,可促进烤烟生长发育,改善其植物学性状,增加色素含量,提高光合强度和蒸腾速率,使烟叶增产、增质、增收。同时还发现Ｂ＾３＋能使烟株提前２～３ｄ现蕾开花,中下部烟叶提前落黄采收。这一特性,对烤烟生产具有重要的作用。     

Cerium relieving the inhibition of photosynthesis and growth of spinach caused by lead

Chloroplasts were isolated from spinach cultured in lead chloride-present, Ce3+-administered, cerium chloride-administered lead chloride-present Hoagland's media or that of Hoagland's media. The experimental study demonstrated the effects of cerium (Ce) on distribu-tion of light energy and photochemical activities of spinach chloroplast grown in lead (Pb)-present media. It was observed that Pb2+ signifi-cantly inhibited photosynthesis in spinach, including light absorption, energy transfer from LHCII to photosystem II, excitation energy dis-tribution from photosystem I to photosystem II, and transformation from light energy to electron energy and oxygen evolution of chloroplasts,and decreased spinach growth. However, Ce3+ treatment to pb2+-present chloroplasts could obviously improve light absorption and excitation energy distribution in both photosystems and increase activity of photochemical reaction and oxygen evolution of chloroplasts. The results suggested that Ce3+ under Pb2+ stress could maintain the stability of chloroplast membrane, and improve photosynthesis of spinach chloro-plast, thus promote spinach growth.     

硝酸钠对发状念珠蓝细菌CO2间断通气培养的影响

研究了不同浓度NaNO3对CO2间断通气培养与NaHCO3添加培养条件下发状念珠蓝细菌生长、光合速率、胞外多糖积累、蛋白质含量、色素含量、磷酸根与硝酸根消耗、细胞固碳率以及光合效率的影响。结果表明,在CO2通气条件下添加NaNO3能够显著促进发状念珠蓝细菌的生长。2.0 g/L的NaNO3为最佳浓度,干重达到1.56 g/L,为对照的2.29倍,呼吸与净光合速率达到最大。当NaNO3浓度达到2.5 g/L时,藻细胞干重停止增加。细胞叶绿素含量随着NaNO3浓度的增加而增加。硝酸钠添加组胞外多糖的含量相比不添加组均下降,但添加组的多糖含量随NaNO3浓度的增加而增加。细胞蛋白质含量随NaNO3浓度的增加而增加,在2.0 g/L时达到最高。与生物量的增加相对应,细胞对两种盐分的利用率在NaNO3为2.0 g/L时达到最大。CO2通气培养时添加NaHCO3可进一步促进细胞的生长。在两种碳源同时存在时,NaNO3对细胞的生长促进作用与单一碳源存在培养时类似。     

甜菜干物质生产模拟的初步研究

本项研究建立了一个概要模型,使用Excel软件模拟河西走廓甜菜干物质生产。从光合速率着手,促成干物质积累,除去呼吸消耗,用适当方程使茎叶和块根的物质分配达到一定的比例,收获时块根产量、蔗糖产量和根叶比达到本地较好条件下的水平。通过改变光合速率和根叶物质分配比的方程式,可以模拟不同条件下甜菜干物质生产情况。     

STN7 Kinase Is Essential for Arabidopsis thaliana Fitness under Prolonged Darkness but Not under Dark-Chilling Conditions

Reversible phosphorylation of photosystem II light harvesting complexes (LHCII) is a well-established protective mechanism enabling efficient response to changing light conditions. However, changes in LHCII phosphorylation were also observed in response to abiotic stress regardless of photoperiod. This study aimed to investigate the impact of dark-chilling on LHCII phosphorylation pattern in chilling-tolerant Arabidopsis thaliana and to check whether the disturbed LHCII phosphorylation process will impact the response of Arabidopsis to the dark-chilling conditions. We analyzed the pattern of LHCII phosphorylation, the organization of chlorophyll–protein complexes, and the level of chilling tolerance by combining biochemical and spectroscopy techniques under dark-chilling and dark conditions in Arabidopsis mutants with disrupted LHCII phosphorylation. Our results show that during dark-chilling, LHCII phosphorylation decreased in all examined plant lines and that no significant differences in dark-chilling response were registered in tested lines. Interestingly, after 24 h of darkness, a high increase in LHCII phosphorylation was observed, co-occurring with a significant F_V/F_M parameter decrease. The highest drop of F_V/F_M was detected in the stn7-1 line–mutant, where the LHCII is not phosphorylated, due to the lack of STN7 kinase. Our results imply that STN7 kinase activity is important for mitigating the adverse effects of prolonged darkness.     

UV-B增加对玉米光合作用日变化的影响

为了探讨地表紫外辐射增强对干旱、半干旱地区农作物生理及生态系统的影响,在宁夏永宁县进行了UV-B增加对玉米光合作用影响的试验研究.试验设置了自然光照组(CK)、R1组(增加0.5W/m 2强度的UV-B)和R2组(增加1.0W/m 2强度的UV-B)3种UV-B照射强度,从玉米三叶期开始每天9:00-17:00照射8h;于2004年5月19日7:00-20:00时,用便携式光合作用测定系统测定玉米叶片净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、光合有效辐射、细胞间隙和环境CO2浓度等若干植物生理因子的日变化,并计算了玉米的水分利用效率.结果表明:R1组处理的玉米净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度和水分利用效率比对照分别下降了57.1%、15.6%、11.0%和49.3%;R2组处理下降了67.5%、18.8%、24.8%和60.6%;地表紫外辐射的增强,对干旱、半干旱地区玉米叶片的净光合速率、蒸腾速率、水分利用效率均随着UV-B的增强而下降,紫外辐射的增强将使该地区玉米产量降低,水资源需求加大.     

镧对汞胁迫下豌豆(Pisum sativum L)幼苗生长及汞积累的影响

以培养 5d的豌豆 (PisumsativumL)幼苗为实验材料 ,研究了 10和 5 0mg·L- 1 的Hg胁迫下不同浓度La对豌豆幼苗生长的生理效应 ,测定并分析了La对Hg胁迫下豌豆幼苗根和叶细胞中Hg吸收及积累的影响。结果表明 ,合适浓度 (≤ 0 .0 10mg·L- 1 La)的La能在一定程度上缓解Hg胁迫所导致的叶绿体叶绿素和可溶性蛋白含量、光合速率和叶绿体Mg2 ATPase、光合膜电子传递链活性及PSII活性的降低 ,减轻Hg胁迫对光合膜室温下吸收光谱和荧光光谱的影响 ;能有效增强或保护Hg胁迫下叶片细胞总抗氧化能力 ,降低细胞内Hg胁迫诱导超氧阴离子(·O2 - )产生的速率和膜脂过氧化产物 (MDA)的积累 ,延缓膜透性的增加。La对 10mg·L- 1 Hg胁迫的缓解能力较强 ,而对 5 0mg·L- 1 Hg的缓解效果较弱。最佳作用浓度为 0 .0 10mg·L- 1 。该浓度的La能有效的减少细胞对Hg的吸收和积累 ,特别是增加根细胞壁对Hg的束缚效应。超过一定浓度范围的La(≥ 0 .0 3 0mg·L- 1 )则加剧Hg的毒害作用。