Changes of Pan Evaporation in the Recent 40 Years in the Yellow River Basin

Abstract

Based on monitoring data of 123 meteorological stations from 1960 to 2000 near or in the Yellow River Basin, the spatial and temporal distributions and their trends for pan evaporation (PE) are investigated in this study. The results indicate that, despite the annual mean air temperature over the Yellow River Basin has, on average, increased by 0.6° over the past 40 years, the rate of PE has steadily decreased, especially in summer and spring. Compared with the period of 1960s to 1970s, the rate of annual pan evaporation during 1980s to 1990s has decreased by 126mm or 7.0 percent. Spatial distribution of the rate of change show that this kind of trend is general but not universal, PE has significantly decreased over the upper and lower reaches of the Yellow River, but increased to a small degree over the middle reaches. Further analyses show that the decrease of PE is mainly related to reductions in sunshine durations and solar irradiance, owing to more clouds and aerosols.     

多场作用下海水淡化温度响应

探究多场作用下海水蒸发速率的温度响应关系.实验结果表明,超声波与磁场协同作用时,海水温度55℃以下主要表现出超声波的作用效果,超过55℃磁场作用表现明显.超声波与自由表面波频率相近时发生共振,使空化作用产生的微米级液滴能够克服表面张力,从宏观上加速海水蒸发;微观上,磁场作用改变水分子及团簇的结构、盐离子的热运动,进一步改变海水黏度、扩散系数等传递特性.两者的协同作用可为海水淡化提供新的思路.     

西藏结则茶卡盐湖卤水15℃蒸发浓缩析盐规律研究

从资源开发和利用的角度出发对西藏结则茶卡盐湖卤水的蒸发浓缩析盐规律进行相图分析及实验研究．研究高温蒸发浓缩后再平衡冷却至15℃卤水的析盐规律,同时获得组成、析盐率、成卤率等的变化规律．为结则茶卡盐湖卤水的综合开发利用,确定最佳的工艺流程和工艺参数提供理论基础．     

基于灰关联分析的KFCM-LSSVM蒸发过程软测量

针对氧化铝蒸发过程出口浓度在线检测问题,提出一种基于灰色关联分析和核模糊聚类相结合的多支持向量机蒸发过程建模方法.该方法采用灰色关联分析提取影响出口浓度较大的变量,再用核模糊聚类算法将样本划分成不同的子类,并对各子类构建的支持向量机模型的输出综合加权得到最终输出.对蒸发过程生产数据进行实验,并与核模糊聚类最小二乘支持向量机(KFCM-LSSVM)相比较,结果表明新模型鲁棒性较强、精度较高、泛化性更好,可以用于蒸发过程的优化控制.     

蒸发结晶操作中传热温差的选择

蒸发结晶是化工生产中常见的单元操作，在其加热过程中，较高的传热温差对于强化传热效率、提高设备能力极为有利。但是，传热温差过高会引起蒸发结晶操作的不稳定，甚至造成生产装置停车，使所追求的高效率适得其反。因此，必须合理选择传热温差，以保证生产装置在高效、稳定的状况下运行。     

Preparation and characterization of single-crystalline gallium oxide nanobelts

Single-crystalline β-Ga₂O₃ nanobelts were synthesized by a simple physical evaporation method in argon atmosphere with the starting materials of Ga. The β-Ga₂O₃ nanobelts have a width of 50-100 nm and width-to-thickness ratios of 5-10, and length of up to a few millimeters, which may have potential applications in nanosize sensors or optoelectronic nanodevices.     

Electron beam evaporated carbon nanotube dispersed SnO2 thin film gas sensor

Carbon nanotube (CNT) is a useful material for gas-sensing applications because of its high surface to volume ratio structure. In this work, multi-wall CNTs are incorporated into tin oxide thin film by means of powder mixing and electron beam evaporation and the enhancement of gas-sensing properties is presented. The CNTs were combined with SnO₂powder with varying concentration in the range of 0.25–5% by weight and electron beam evaporated onto glass substrates. From AFM and TEM characterization, CNT inclusion in SnO₂thin film results in the production of circular cone protrusions of CNT clusters or single tube coated with SnO₂layer. Experimental results indicate that the sensitivity to ethanol of SnO₂thin film increases by the factors of 3 to 7, and the response time and recovery time were reduced by the factors of 2 or more with CNT inclusion. However, if the CNT concentration is too high, the sensitivity is decreased. Moreover, the CNT doped film can operate with good sensitivity and stability at a relatively low temperature of 250–300^∘C. The improved gas-sensing properties should be attributed to the increasing of surface adsorption area of metal oxide produced by CNT protrusion.     

闪蒸-气相色谱应用于鱼腥草挥发性组分研究

本文用一种新的分析方法闪蒸-气相色谱（FE—GC）来研究中药鱼腥草的挥发性组分，用质谱鉴定了其挥发性物质的化学组成，并和传统的水蒸气蒸馏法进行了对比。结果表明：该方法简单、快速、可靠，样品粉末可直接用于分析，不需要复杂费时的前处理过程，且样品需要量少。这对鱼腥草化学成分整体性研究和有效成分提取方法的开发具有非常重要的意义。     

热蒸发铜粉法制备硅纳米线的研究

研究发现,热蒸发铜粉即可在硅衬底上直接生长出硅纳米线.场发射电子扫描电镜和透射电镜分析表明,纳米线的形貌、结构及生长机制,随沉积区域的不同而变化.在高温沉积区,硅纳米线高度弯曲且相互缠绕,按气-液-固机制生长;在低温沉积区,高度定向生长的直硅纳米线,规整地排列在硅衬底表面,其生长机制是氧化辅助生长机制.     

纳米多层膜的电性能及表面形貌

用热蒸发沉积和自然氧化法制备纳米量级的Al／Al2O3及Cr／Cr2O3薄膜和多层膜．本文采用三点法测定了常温、低温下的U—I特性，发现常温、低温下纳米量级的Al／Al2O3及Cr／Cr2O3薄膜具有类似负阻的特性。SEM检测表明，薄膜表面均匀，薄膜的厚度和称重法所得的厚度基本相符．AFM和STM观察表明薄膜表面存在着岛状结构，表面粗糙度在纳米尺度范围内。