石油污染土壤对植物种子发芽的影响研究

通过观察不同植物接种高效石油降解菌I（芽孢杆菌属）在水模拟、无污染土壤以及不同石油污染浓度土壤条件下的生长情况,记录种子发芽数,就石油污染土壤对植物种子发芽的影响进行了研究。结果表明,培养15d后,I菌预浸泡能促进种子发芽;无污染土壤培养条件下,一直浇灌I菌,种子的发芽数相对未加菌组有所降低,说明无污染条件下一直浇灌I菌对植物种子发芽有抑制作用;不同石油污染浓度条件下,种子发芽数随污染浓度升高而降低,加菌组发芽数均高于未加菌组,表明污染条件下I菌能促进植物种子发芽。     

Safety of food crops on land contaminated with trace elements

Contamination of agricultural soils with trace elements (TEs) through municipal and industrial wastes, atmospheric deposition and fertilisers is a matter of great global concern. Since TE accumulation in edible plant parts depends on soil characteristics, plant genotype and agricultural practices, those soil- and plant-specific options that restrict the entry of harmful TEs into the food chain to protect human and animal health are reviewed. Soil options such as in situ stabilisation of TEs in soils, changes in physicochemical parameters, fertiliser management, element interactions and agronomic practices reduce TE uptake by food crops. Furthermore, phytoremediation and solubilisation as alternative techniques to reduce TE concentrations in soils are also discussed. Among plant options, selection of species and cultivars, metabolic processes and microbial transformations in the rhizosphere can potentially affect TE uptake and distribution in plants. For this purpose, genetic variations are exploited to select cultivars with low uptake potential, especially low-cadmium accumulator wheat and rice cultivars. The microbial reduction of elements and transformations in the rhizosphere are other key players in the cycling of TEs that may offer the basis for a wide range of innovative biotechnological processes. It is thus concluded that appropriate combination of soil- and plant-specific options can minimise TE transfer to the food chain.     

垫土法植物修复石油污染土壤的试验研究

进行了紫花苜蓿、白三叶、黑麦草和苇状羊茅在不同浓度石油污染土壤中的存活率实验、石油降解实验和在水培养条件下的根部生长观察实验。并采用垫土法对高浓度石油污染土壤进行了120d的植物修复实验。结果表明,禾本类植物黑麦草和苇状羊茅比豆科类植物紫花苜蓿和白三叶更适于石油污染土壤的修复;垫土法可使植物种子发芽生根．增强了植物对石油污染的抗胁迫能力,但植物产生了大量高毒性的芳烃代谢产物,对根际微生物产生毒害。因而芳烃组分降解效率低;禾本类植物明显优于豆科类植物,在一定程度上更适合修复高浓度石油污染土壤。     

某铀尾矿区植物组成及其对铀的积累作用研究

分析研究了某铀尾矿区植物资源,并对这些植物的铀积累作用进行了研究。结果显示,该尾矿区污染土壤上植物群落较简单,共有高等植物31种,隶属12科,其中：禾本科最多,12种;其次是菊科植物,5种;凤尾蕨科和莎草科植物各3种;其他科各1种。1年生或多年生草本植物有28种,占总数的90.3%,其他3种为灌木或小乔木。对这31种植物进行了铀含量测定,结果发现,铀富集量在200 mg/kg以上的植物有14种,占总数的45%,其中富集量在600 mg/kg以上的有3种,分别是水莎草、牧草、小飞蓬。植物体内铀迁移系数大于1的有9种,其中燕麦、牧草、鼠曲草、青蒿中铀的迁移系数较大。这31种植物中,可考虑将水莎草、牧草作为超富集植物应用于铀污染土壤的修复,小飞蓬、盐肤木、枸骨、燕麦、鼠曲草、碎米莎草、龙葵等对铀污染土壤的修复具有潜在应用价值,可进一步研究。     

常见水生植物对富营养化和重金属复合污染水体的修复效果研究

选取大沽排污河原位生态修复工程现场的6种修复植物旱生美人蕉、水生美人蕉、旱伞草、鸢尾、马蔺、菖蒲为研究对象,通过温室培养试验研究了这6种植物对水中氮磷和重金属Cd、Pb复合污染的修复效果。试验结果表明,所选6种植物在复合污染水体中对营养物质和重金属Cd、Pb均表现出较好的修复效果。经50 d修复后,各植物对总氮TN的去除率为53.90%～94.75%,对总磷TP的去除率为46.76%～85.10%;对Cd的去除率达到90.39%～99.47%。其中,菖蒲、鸢尾、马蔺对总氮的修复能力较好;鸢尾、美人蕉和马蔺对氨氮的修复效果较好;而旱伞草、美人蕉和马蔺对总磷的修复能力最强。所有修复植物对Cd和Pb的富集系数都远远大于1,对Cd、Pb表现出很强的富集能力,可作为Cd、Pb超富集植物来修复水体中的重金属Cd、Pb污染。     

修复含Pb2＋污水的植物筛选

以香蒲、水芹菜、绿叶苋菜为研究对象，采用水培方法在不同Pb2＋初始浓度条件下，研究了它们对重金属Pb2＋的吸收和累积特性。结果表明，Pb2＋在3种植物根系的富集明显高于茎叶；3种植物对pb2＋的累积量大小依次为香蒲〉水芹菜〉绿叶苋菜；3种植物对Pb抖的去除率大小依次为香蒲〉水芹菜〉绿叶苋莱。     

The Role of Plant–Microbe Interactions and Their Exploitation for Phytoremediation of Air Pollutants

Since air pollution has been linked to a plethora of human health problems, strategies to improve air quality are indispensable. Despite the complexity in composition of air pollution, phytoremediation was shown to be effective in cleaning air. Plants are known to scavenge significant amounts of air pollutants on their aboveground plant parts. Leaf fall and runoff lead to transfer of (part of) the adsorbed pollutants to the soil and rhizosphere below. After uptake in the roots and leaves, plants can metabolize, sequestrate and/or excrete air pollutants. In addition, plant-associated microorganisms play an important role by degrading, detoxifying or sequestrating the pollutants and by promoting plant growth. In this review, an overview of the available knowledge about the role and potential of plant–microbe interactions to improve indoor and outdoor air quality is provided. Most importantly, common air pollutants (particulate matter, volatile organic compounds and inorganic air pollutants) and their toxicity are described. For each of these pollutant types, a concise overview of the specific contributions of the plant and its microbiome is presented. To conclude, the state of the art and its related future challenges are presented.     

镉污染土壤植物萃取技术的研究进展

在受镉污染的土壤上种植、收割植物，镉降低土壤中镉浓度植物的萃取技术，对镉污染土壤进行原位修复具有成本低、环境可持续性的优点。文章综述了近年来这一领域内的研究进展及其商业应用的可行性分析，展望了此技术在我国的应用前景。     

植物与微生物协同修复土壤铅污染修复效应

通过室内盆栽试验研究外源添加不同浓度Pb处理下黑麦草、黑心菊与拟青霉菌、嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌联合修复效果。结果表明:拟青霉菌、嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌均能促进Pb胁迫下黑心菊和黑麦草的生长,缓解Pb对植物的毒害,对植株的促生作用有胁迫诱导的特性。当土壤中外源添加Pb浓度为1500mg/kg时,拟青霉菌能显著提高黑心菊的富集系数和转运系数,有效促进植株对Pb的吸收,增加Pb向地上部分的转移。两种菌株均能够促进黑麦草生长,显著提高黑麦草对Pb的富集能力,将Pb固持在植株根部,有效抑制Pb向植株地上部迁移,两种菌株同时接种时效果最优。     

辐射径迹测量中的荧光激发影像板技术

文章利用理论模拟计算手段研究荧光激发影像板（IP）对辐射径迹的响应。计算显示,IP对各种辐射径迹的灵敏度关系为：α径迹＞β径迹＞γ径迹。实验验证了理论模拟计算结果的可靠性,探讨了在α、β、γ射线混合场中IP测量单一射线的可行性、干扰及其消除方法,并介绍了IP技术在放射性污染植物修复研究中的应用状况。