数字化核电厂班组SSA测度方法与实验研究

情景意识(SA)问题在数字化核电厂中更为突出。为识别班组共享情景意识（SSA）水平及行为形成因子（PSF）对班组SSA的影响,基于情景意识全面评估技术（SAGAT）建立一种班组SSA测量和计算方法并进行模拟机实验。结果表明,个体SA（ISA）水平与SSA水平有关,ISA级别越高,SSA级别越高;ISA和班组SSA都受到PSF的影响,PSF的状态水平越高,ISA和SSA的水平越高;对于不同的实验场景,操纵员的ISA水平和班组SSA水平不同,这表明风险场景的症状越明显及知识经验水平越好,ISA和SSA水平就越高。最后,通过被试的自评价识别当前PSF的状态水平,主要不良的PSF是班组沟通和合作水平、压力水平、人-机界面等。这些评估结果为提高数字化核电厂人因可靠性和安全水平提供了理论支持。     

基于VPN网络的污水处理厂集中监控系统

以污水处理厂及其泵站的集中监控为例,介绍了通过使用VPN路由器和ADSL宽带网络实现各污水厂及其泵站间的远距离数据通讯的方法.为分散布置的污水处理厂监控系统的集中管理、可靠运行、远程维护、远程故障诊断等工作提供了解决方案.     

120 kt/a硫磺制酸水管锅炉改造为火管锅炉的技术总结

介绍FRS-12S-14.5/3.82-450型余热水管锅炉以较少的投资、较少的工程量、较短的施工周期改造成QF35/1050-14.2-3.82/450型火管锅炉,使热力系统满足了120kt/a硫磺制酸装置的工艺要求。改造后系统运行平稳,运行率提高,维护费用减少,生产成本降低,解决了水管锅炉因换热管束爆管导致锅炉腐蚀及烟气泄漏造成的环境污染等问题。     

2－氨基－4－氯苯酚的合成研究

提出了以对二氯苯为原料，经硝化，水解和还原三步合成２－氨基－４－氯苯酚的讨了影响反应的因素。产品总收率达７７％。     

Environmental Stress and Plants

Land plants are constantly subjected to multiple unfavorable or even adverse environmental conditions. Among them, abiotic stresses (such as salt, drought, heat, cold, heavy metals, ozone, UV radiation, and nutrient deficiencies) have detrimental effects on plant growth and productivity and are increasingly important considering the direct or indirect effects of climate change. Plants respond in many ways to abiotic stresses, from gene expression to physiology, from plant architecture to primary, and secondary metabolism. These complex changes allow plants to tolerate and/or adapt to adverse conditions. The complexity of plant response can be further influenced by the duration and intensity of stress, the plant genotype, the combination of different stresses, the exposed tissue and cell type, and the developmental stage at which plants perceive the stress. It is therefore important to understand more about how plants perceive stress conditions and how they respond and adapt (both in natural and anthropogenic environments). These concepts were the basis of the Special Issue that International Journal of Molecular Sciences expressly addressed to the relationship between environmental stresses and plants and that resulted in the publication of 5 reviews and 38 original research articles. The large participation of several authors and the good number of contributions testifies to the considerable interest that the topic currently receives in the plant science community, especially in the light of the foreseeable climate changes. Here, we briefly summarize the contributions included in the Special Issue, both original articles categorized by stress type and reviews that discuss more comprehensive responses to various stresses.     

Exogenous dsRNA Induces RNA Interference of a Chalcone Synthase Gene in Arabidopsis thaliana

Recent investigations have shown the possibility of artificial induction of RNA interference (RNAi) via plant foliar treatments with naked double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) to silence essential genes in plant fungal pathogens or to target viral RNAs. Furthermore, several studies have documented the downregulation of plant endogenous genes via external application of naked gene-specific dsRNAs and siRNAs to the plant surfaces. However, there are limited studies on the dsRNA processing and gene silencing mechanisms after external dsRNA application. Such studies would assist in the development of innovative tools for crop improvement and plant functional studies. In this study, we used exogenous gene-specific dsRNA to downregulate the gene of chalcone synthase (CHS), the key enzyme in the flavonoid/anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway, in Arabidopsis. The nonspecific NPTII-dsRNA encoding the nonrelated neomycin phosphotransferase II bacterial gene was used to treat plants in order to verify that any observed effects and processing of AtCHS mRNA were sequence specific. Using high-throughput small RNA (sRNA) sequencing, we obtained six sRNA-seq libraries for plants treated with water, AtCHS-dsRNA, or NPTII-dsRNA. After plant foliar treatments, we detected the emergence of a large number of AtCHS- and NPTII-encoding sRNAs, while there were no such sRNAs after control water treatment. Thus, the exogenous AtCHS-dsRNAs were processed into siRNAs and induced RNAi-mediated AtCHS gene silencing. The analysis showed that gene-specific sRNAs mapped to the AtCHS and NPTII genes unevenly with peak read counts at particular positions, involving primarily the sense strand, and documented a gradual decrease in read counts from 17-nt to 30-nt sRNAs. Results of the present study highlight a significant potential of exogenous dsRNAs as a promising strategy to induce RNAi-based downregulation of plant gene targets for plant management and gene functional studies.     

A CRISPR/Cas9-Based System with Controllable Auto-Excision Feature Serving Cisgenic Plant Breeding and Beyond

Transgenic or genetically modified crops have great potential in modern agriculture but still suffer from heavy regulations worldwide due to biosafety concerns. As a promising alternative route, cisgenic crops have received higher public acceptance and better reviews by governing authorities. To serve the purpose of cisgenic plant breeding, we have developed a CRISPR/Cas9-based vector system, which is capable of delivering target gene-of-interest (GOI) into recipient plants while removing undesired genetic traces in the plants. The new system features a controllable auto-excision feature, which is realized by a core design of embedded multi-clonal sequence and the use of inducible promoters controlling the expression of Cas9 nuclease. In the current proof-of-concept study in Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh., we have successfully incorporated a GOI into the plant and removed the selection marker and CRISPR/Cas9 components from the final product. Following the designed workflow, we have demonstrated that novel cisgenic plant germplasms with desired traits could be developed within one to two generations. Further characterizations of the vector system have shown that heat treatment at 37 °C could significantly improve the editing efficiency (up to 100%), and no off-target mutations were identified in the Arabidopsis background. This novel vector system is the first CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing tool for cisgenic plant breeding and should prove powerful for other similar applications in the bright future of precision molecular breeding.     

中煤龙化KDON-30000/24000型空分设备工程建设总结

简介中煤龙化KDON-30000/24000型空分设备的工艺流程和主要技术参数,阐述在空分工程建设及试压过程中出现的问题和处理办法,从仪控组态和管道设计两方面对空分设备工程设计提出了建议,最后总结空分设备工程建设经验。