Relationship between persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and ranging patterns in common bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) from coastal Georgia, USA

Bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) are apex predators in coastal southeastern U.S. waters; as such they are indicators of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in coastal ecosystems. POP concentrations measured in a dolphin's blubber are influenced by a number of factors, including the animal's sex and ranging pattern in relation to POP point sources. This study examined POP concentrations measured in bottlenose dolphin blubber samples (n = 102) from the Georgia, USA coast in relation to individual ranging patterns and specifically, distance of sightings from a polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) point source near Brunswick, Georgia. Dolphin ranging patterns were determined based upon 5 years of photo-identification data from two field sites approximately 40 km apart: (1) the Brunswick field site, which included the Turtle/Brunswick River Estuary (TBRE), and (2) the Sapelo field site, which included the Sapelo Island National Estuarine Research Reserve (SINERR). Dolphins were categorized into one of three ranging patterns from photo-identification data. Individuals with sighting histories exclusively within one of the defined field sites were considered to have either Brunswick or Sapelo ranging patterns. Individuals sighted in both field sites were classified as having a Mixed ranging pattern. Brunswick males had the highest concentrations of PCBs reported for any marine mammal. The pattern of PCB congeners was consistent with Aroclor 1268, a highly chlorinated PCB mixture associated with a Superfund site in Brunswick. PCB levels in Sapelo males were lower than in Brunswick males, but comparable to the highest levels measured in other dolphin populations along the southeastern U.S. Female dolphins had higher Aroclor 1268 proportions than males, suggesting that the highly chlorinated congeners associated with Aroclor 1268 may not be offloaded through parturition and lactation, as easily as less halogenated POPs. Individuals sighted farther from the Superfund point source had lower Aroclor 1268 proportions.     

Definition and quantification of initial anthropogenic pollutant release in swimming pools

Pollutants, brought into a swimming pool by bathers, will react with chlorine to form disinfection by-products (DBPs). Some of these DBPs are found to be respiratory and ocular irritant and might be associated with asthma, or might even be carcinogenic. As DBPs in swimming pools are formed from bather-shed-pollutants, a reduction of these pollutants will lead to a reduction of DBPs. Until now, however, the release of pollutants by bathers has not been studied in detail. The study described in this paper focuses on the release of these pollutants, further called anthropogenic pollutants. The objective was to define and quantify the initial anthropogenic pollutants, by using a standardised shower cabin and a standardised showering protocol in laboratory time-series experiments and on-site experiments in swimming pools. The time-series experiments resulted in a definition of the initial anthropogenic pollutant release: the amount of pollutants released from a person in a standardised shower cabin during the first 60 s of showering. The data from the time-series experiments were used to create a model of pollutant release. The model can be used to predict the initial anthropogenic pollutant release as well as the effects of showering. On-site experiments were performed at four different swimming pools, including one outdoor pool. Results of these on-site showering experiments correspond with the time-series and model outcomes. Anthropogenic pollutant release (both chemical and microbiological) in swimming pool water can be reduced by pre-swim showering, very likely resulting in decreased DBPs formation and chlorine demand.     

The use of muscle burden in rabbitfish Siganus oramin for monitoring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls in Victoria Harbour, Hong Kong and potential human health risk

Muscle concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were determined in rabbitfish Siganus oramin collected from Victoria Harbour and its vicinity, Hong Kong from 2004 to 2007. Spatially, relatively higher levels of ∑PAH (1.05-4.26 μg g^− 1) and ∑PCB (45.1-76.9 ng g^− 1) were determined in the central and western sites inside the harbour. Temporally, upward trend of ∑PAH, accompanied with a proportion shift from high molecular weight to low molecular weight PAHs, was detected during the three-year study period, suggesting a heavier marine traffic in Victoria Harbour and its western region. However, human health risk assessment based on five individual PAHs indicated that PAHs in fish muscles posed minimal health risk through consumption. In contrast, a downward trend of ∑PCB was registered as the open use of PCBs has been banned. Despite this, the level of ∑PCB in fish muscles still posed a health risk on the local people who have a high fish consumption rate. While seasonal influences on ∑PAH/∑PCB accumulation in S. oramin seemed to be negligible, our findings in S. oramin were in line with the established PAH and PCB levels in sediments and/or mussels from the harbour, suggesting S. oramin can be used as a model fish species for monitoring PAHs and PCBs in the region.     

GC/MS法分析焦化废水中的有机污染物

采用气相色谱—质谱联用仪 (GC/MS)分析昆明焦化厂废水中有机污染物 ,共检出 2 62种有机污染物。结合超声波处理焦化废水方法 ,取得了令人满意的结果。建立了静态顶空—GC/MS分析焦化废水中有机污染物的新的实验方法 ,与液—液萃取检测方法进行了对照。     

湿法腈纶生产的含腈废水处理实验研究

采用不同方法对湿法腈纶废水进行预处理，比较了它们的处理效果和特点。研究中使用的菌种预处理方法达到了理想的效果，废水中大分子有机污染物被迅速、高效地分解为挥发性脂肪酸和氨氮等，为后续的接触氧化以及反硝化创造了良好的条件，COD和TKN的总去除率分别为92％和85％，最终出水达到或优于行业二级排放标准。     

超声波、多相光催化协同作用在废水处理中的研究现状

以自由基反应为主的高级氧化工艺是处理有机污染物的新型技术,具有良好的拓展和应用环境。超声氧化和紫外光催化工艺都属于高级氧化工艺,许多研究者发现单独使用这些工艺降解有机污染物效果不够理想,更有效的方法是联合使用。本文系统地介绍了超声波和光催化单独作用的机理及协同降解有机污染物的机理和研究现状。     

上海青浦城区西北片河网调水方案的效果分析

利用经过实际调水过程验证的二维数学模型，对上海青浦城区西北片河网的9种调水工况（6种边引边排和3种先排后引）进行了数值仿真，获得了每种工况结束时刻河网内的污染物浓度分布。以模拟结果为基础，对比分析了每种工况的调水效果，进而提出了优化的调水方案。     

水体沉积物中石油类污染物释放的动力学过程实验研究

以延安市主要供水水源-王窑水库底泥为对象，在静态实验条件下，对污染沉积物中石油类污染物释放的动力学过程进行了实验研究。结果表明：水体沉积物中石油类的释放主要取决于间隙水中石油类向上覆水体扩散的速度与强度。在高污染负荷情况下（实验中采用的污染沉积物负荷为59．752g／kg），石油类释放平衡时间长达3个月以上，释放强度可高达29mg／L。建立了沉积物中石油类释放的动力学方程，并利用动力学方程对沉积物中石油类的释放过程进行了模拟，达到较高的精度。     

持久性有机污染物农药研究进展

概述了持久性有机污染物农药的特性及其对人体健康与环境的危害．分析了我国持久性有机污染物农药研究现状、分析和处理技术以及环境风险评价研究的进展．介绍了国际上持久性有机污染物的大型区域性研究,并对我国持久性有机污染物控制对策提出了建议.