TiO2光催化降解气态污染物的影响因素研究进展

TiO2光催化技术作为处理气态污染物的一种手段,具有高效、稳定、无二次污染等优点。光催化反应效率的高低受到TiO2自身性质、光催化反应工艺条件等因素的影响。本文分别从TiO2晶型、晶粒尺寸、TiO2的存在形态、TiO2的负载、掺杂改性、贵金属沉积等与TiO2材料性质相关的因素以及废气初始浓度与流速、废气中的含氧量、湿度、光源和光照强度、反应温度等光催化反应的工艺条件两方面,概述了目前关于TiO2光催化净化废气影响因素的研究进展,介绍了TiO2在气相光催化过程中的失活与再生,并从可见光催化剂的制备应用、多组分污染物气相光催化降解机理及影响因素等方面对未来TiO2光催化研究方向提出建议。     

PCBs and OCPs in human milk and selected foods from Luqiao and Pingqiao in Zhejiang, China

This study was conducted to measure the levels of 23 PCB congeners and 6 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in human milk and three food types collected from Luqiao and Pingqiao in Zhejiang Province, China. An effort was also made to explore the potential health risk for the mothers and breast-fed infants living in these two localities. Luqiao was selected as the sampling site because it is the largest place for the disassembly of obsolete transformers and electrical waste in China. Pingqiao, located 100 km NW of Luqiao, is not known to be a place for any electronic or electrical waste and hence was chosen as the control site. Both localities are important agricultural places in the province. The organochlorines were measured in the samples using the GC-muECD technique. Micro-EROD bioassay method was also used as a complement of the chemical analysis to estimate the TEQ levels of dioxin-like PCBs in human milk. The data showed that the human milk, rice, hen egg, and fish samples from Luqiao were more heavily contaminated with PCBs than those from Pingqiao, suggesting that the mothers and their breast-fed infants in Luqiao tended to receive greater exposure to PCBs than those living in Pingqiao. The OCP levels in the two localities were found comparable, suggesting that the major source of contamination with these pesticides was from their agricultural uses. Significant correlation (R2 = 0.87, P<0.001) of PCB TEQs was found between the bioassay and chemical analysis method, suggesting that micro-EROD is an effective method for comprehensive determination of TEQ levels in human milk. Comparison with literature data showed that the PCB levels in milk samples from Luqiao were significantly higher than those from localities in other Chinese provinces and comparable to those in developed or industrialized countries.     

几种经济型人工湿地基质的除污效能分析

采用填料柱模拟垂直潜流人工湿地处理城市生活污水,考察了几种我国常见的、从经济角度考虑可广泛采用的湿地基质--粗砂、瓜子片、砾石、高炉渣、钢渣、煤灰渣对污染物的去除能力和效果.在几种供试的基质中,钢渣和煤灰渣对出水pH值的影响较大,基质粒径越小则对SS的去除效果越好;对有机物去除效果的高低顺序为：砂子＞煤灰渣＞瓜子片＞砾石＞钢渣＞高炉渣,对氨氮去除效果的高低顺序为：砂子＞煤灰渣＞瓜子片＞高炉渣＞砾石＞钢渣,6种基质对TP都有较好的去除效果,其高低顺序为：钢渣＞煤灰渣＞砂子＞高炉渣＞瓜子片＞砾石.     

河流水环境容量预测方法研究

本文强调了水环境容量预测是水环境总量控制的基础，也是水环境治理优化方案的决策依据.文中针对中、小河流河宽和深度相对较小，污染物在断面上分布较均匀的特点，对其水环境容量的预测方法及必须考虑的条件进行了研究，提出了一套河流水环境容量的预测模式。     

超声波与其他技术联用降解有机物的研究进展

介绍了国内外超声波与其他技术联用在降解水中有机污染物方面的研究进展。多项研究表明,超声波与Fenton型试剂、紫外光、铁、生物催化剂、电解、臭氧等手段联用可大大提高有机物降解率,应用前景广阔。     

Effect of particulate Abate insecticide on invertebrate stream drift communities in Newfoundland

A particulate formulation of Abate was used to control blackfly (Diptera: Simuliidae) larvae in Newfoundland. The effects of this compound on stream invertebrates during routine field use was observed by using drift fauna collected in relation to five insecticide treatments using dosage ranging from 0.059–0.091 ppm Abate applied for 18–23 minutes in four different streams. Invertebrate populations varied from stream to stream and the effects of the insecticide on the drift reflect community structure and physical parameters in the stream. Numbers of larvae of Chironomidae (Diptera), Trichoptera, Ephemeroptera and Plecoptera increase in drift after dosing at concentrations of insecticide less than those recommended for Abate when administered as an emulsifiable concentrate. Drifting blackfly larvae increased from five percent up to 40 percent of total drifting communities after the insecticide was applied.     

Contribution of combined sewer overflows to trace contaminant loads in urban streams

The present study examines the contribution of combined sewer overflows (CSO) to loads and concentrations of trace contaminants in receiving surface water. A simple method to assess the ratio of CSO to wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents was applied to the urban River Spree in Berlin, Germany. The assessment indicated that annual loads are dominated by CSO for substances with removal in WWTP above ∼95%. Moreover, it showed that substances with high removal in WWTP can lead to concentration peaks in the river during CSO events. The calculated results could be verified based on eight years of monitoring data from the River Spree, collected between 2000 and 2007. Substances that are well removed in WWTP such as NTA (nitrilotriacetic acid) were found to occur in significantly increased concentration during CSO, while the concentration of substances that are poorly removable in WWTP such as EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) decreased in CSO-influenced samples due to dilution effects. The overall results indicate the potential importance of the CSO pathway of well-removable sewage-based trace contaminants to rivers. In particular, high concentrations during CSO events may be relevant for aquatic organisms. Given the results, it is suggested to include well-removable, sewage-based trace contaminants, a substance group often neglected in the past, in future studies on urban rivers in case of combined sewer systems. The presented methodology is suggested for a first assessment, since it is based solely on urban drainage data, which is available in most cities.     

Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Modeling of Gaseous Pollutants Dispersion in Low Wind Speed Condition: Isfahan Refinery,a Case Study

A 3D computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model is developed to predict the dispersion of gaseous pollutants released from different stacks in Isfahan refinery in Iran. Three types of turbulent models including the standard k–?, the RNG k–?, and the realizable k–? models are compared and considered. The results of model are compared with the experimental data obtained by measuring the CO₂ concentration inside and close to the refinery boundaries. The comparison shows the sufficient precision of model predictions. By using the design of experiment (DOE) technique, the effects of model parameters are investigated on the results. The results of standard k–? model for Sc _t = 0.5 and h_r = 2 m, the realizable k–? model for h_r = 2 m, and the RNG.k–? model for h_r = 2.5 m provide more acceptable results when these results are compared with the models responses with ideal values of these parameters. The latter gives some better results for the case of Isfahan refinery.     

Simulation of hydrodesulfurization using artificial neural network

Artificial neural network (ANN) is applied to investigate the hydrodesulfurization (HDS) process with light‐cycle oil as feed and NiMo/Al₂O₃ as catalyst. ANN models frequently work as a “black box” which makes the model invisible to users and always need significant data for training. In this work, a new ANN is proposed. The Langmuir–Hinshelwood kinetic mechanism is incorporated into the model so that the proposed ANN model is forced to follow the given reaction mechanisms. Both advantages of self‐learning ability of ANN and the existing knowledge of HDS were taken into account. Lengthy training process is minimised. Effects of operating temperature, pressure, and LHSV on the sulfur removal rate are studied. The inhibition of nitrogen compounds is also investigated. It is shown that the presence of nitrogen can significantly reduce the conversion rate of sulfur components, in particularly, hard sulfur such as 4,6‐DMDBT.