The Prevention of Oil and Chemical Pollution: Proactive Approaches in the UK and Canada

In the UK, various initiatives have been launched in an attempt to provide guidance on the occurrence and avoidance of oil and chemical pollution. Despite these efforts, oil and chemicals remain a major cause of pollution. In Canada, similar initiatives have been more successful due to a participative approach to campaign development and implementation. This paper compares UK and Canadian initiatives and identifies factors which led to the success of the Canadian campaigns.     

炼化企业污泥处置方法

炼化企业污泥是炼化企业的主要污染源之一。它体积庞大,处理难度大,是炼化企业环保领域的突出问题之一。介绍了目前主要炼化企业所采用的污泥处置方法,并指出需要寻找经济合理的处置方法。     

Simulation of alachlor fate and transport: model calibration and sensitivity analysis

Spraying of agricultural chemicals result in their travel downward through the unsaturated zone and adsorption on the surrounding soil. Infiltration from rainfall and irrigation solubilize these chemicals and carry the dissolved components to the ground water. This process can cause soil and ground water contamination the extent of which is greatly influenced by soil characteristics, the rate and method of chemical application. This paper presents experimental and mathematical results describing the transport of the herbicide Alachlor in laboratory soil columns with variable length, initial moisture content, and Alachlor application rate and method. The laboratory time‐dependent distribution of Alachlor concentration is used to calibrate a numerical flow and transport model. The model was also used to conduct a sensitivity analysis with respect to soil and chemical properties and identify parameters value ranges controlling Alachlor transport in porous media.     

Changes in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon availability in River Tyne sediment following bioremediation treatments or activated carbon amendment

Bioremediation and activated carbon (AC) amendment were compared as remediation strategies for sediment from the River Tyne containing 16.4 ± 7.3 μg/g polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and approximately 5% coal particles by total dry sediment weight. Unamended, nutrient amended (biostimulated) and nutrient and Pseudomonas putida amended (bioaugmented) sediment microcosms failed to show a significant decrease in total sediment PAH concentrations over a one month period. Polyethylene passive (PE) samplers were embedded for 21 days in these sediment microcosms in order to measure the available portion of PAHs and accumulated 4.70 ± 0.25, 12.43 ± 1.78, and 23.49 ± 2.73 μg PAHs/g PE from the unamended, biostimulated, and bioaugmented microcosms, respectively. Higher PAH uptake by PE samplers in biostimulated and bioaugmented microcosms coincided with slower degradation of spiked phenanthrene in sediment-free filtrate from these microcosms compared to filtrate from the unamended microcosms. Microbial community analysis revealed changes in the bacterial community directly following the addition of nutrients, but the added P. putida community failed to establish itself. Addition of 2% by dry sediment weight activated carbon reduced PAH uptake by PE samplers to 0.28 ± 0.01 μg PAHs/g PE, a greater than 90% reduction compared to the unamended microcosms.     

Comparison of PCR and quantitative real-time PCR methods for the characterization of ruminant and cattle fecal pollution sources

The State of California has mandated the preparation of a guidance document on the application of fecal source identification methods for recreational water quality management. California contains the fifth highest population of cattle in the United States, making the inclusion of cow-associated methods a logical choice. Because the performance of these methods has been shown to change based on geography and/or local animal feeding practices, laboratory comparisons are needed to determine which assays are best suited for implementation. We describe the performance characterization of two end-point PCR assays (CF128 and CF193) and five real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) assays (Rum2Bac, BacR, BacCow, CowM2, and CowM3) reported to be associated with either ruminant or cattle feces. Each assay was tested against a blinded set of 38 reference challenge filters (19 duplicate samples) containing fecal pollution from 12 different sources suspected to impact water quality. The abundance of each host-associated genetic marker was measured for qPCR-based assays in both target and non-target animals and compared to quantities of total DNA mass, wet mass of fecal material, as well as Bacteroidales, and enterococci determined by 16S rRNA qPCR and culture-based approaches (enterococci only). Ruminant- and cow-associated genetic markers were detected in all filters containing a cattle fecal source. However, some assays cross-reacted with non-target pollution sources. A large amount of variability was evident across laboratories when protocols were not fixed suggesting that protocol standardization will be necessary for widespread implementation. Finally, performance metrics indicate that the cattle-associated CowM2 qPCR method combined with either the BacR or Rum2Bac ruminant-associated methods are most suitable for implementation.     

液压机构油液清洁度浅析

阐述了液压油污染的危害 ，产生污染的原因，以及如何检查和控制液压机构的清洁度，以达到提高液压机构可靠性的目的。     

制浆制纸工厂的环境管理

对制浆造纸工厂的环境管理进行了讨论分析，以引起制浆造纸工厂对环境管理的重视。     

高分子材料的循环利用

概述了近年来与环境治理的有关的一个重要主题－高分子材料循环利用的发展状况的新型循环技术，同时对高分子材料循环存在的问题，将来的发展趋势和前景作了讨论。     

Nodal Failure Index Approach to Groundwater Remediation Design

Computer simulations often are used to design and to optimize groundwater remediation systems. We present a new computationally efficient approach that calculates the reliability of remedial design at every location in a model domain with a single simulation. The estimated reliability and other model information are used to select a best remedial option for given site conditions, conceptual model, and available data. To evaluate design performance, we introduce the nodal failure index (NFI) to determine the number of nodal locations at which the probability of success is below the design requirement. The strength of the NFI approach is that selected areas of interest can be specified for analysis and the best remedial design determined for this target region. An example application of the NFI approach using a hypothetical model shows how the spatial distribution of reliability can be used for a decision support system in groundwater remediation design.     

建设无公害矿山初探

介绍了金口岭铜矿和国内部分矿山, 对矿山在废水、废气、废渣、噪音治理和保护地貌方面, 采取的一些技术对策和取得的效果。认为, 建设无公害矿山不是空想, 而正走向现实。