An investigation of the flocculation characteristics of polyacrylamide‐grafted chitosan

To investigate the flocculation characteristics of polyacrylamide (PAM)‐grafted chitosan, a series of PAM‐grafted chitosan copolymer (Chito‐g‐PAM1 to Chito‐g‐PAM4) have been synthesized by ceric ammonium nitrate‐induced solution polymerization technique in nitrogen atmosphere. The flocculation characteristics of the polymer samples (PAM, grafted and ungrafted chitosan) were studied by settling test and jar test methods in the colloidal suspensions of kaolin, iron ore, silica, and bentonite powder. It was found that the settling performance of Chito‐g‐PAM3 is best among the polymer samples. The jar test results indicate that the ungrafted chitosan has better water clarifying performance than both the PAM and grafted chitosan. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009     

改进的扩散自由体积模型及其在凝胶和固定化细胞中的应用(Ⅱ)实验数据的关联

应用本文(I)报建立起来的改进的扩散自由体积模型,对聚丙烯酰胺凝胶及其固定化酵母细胞中葡萄糖和(或)乙醇的有效扩散系数与凝胶的单体浓度、交联度、温度和细胞浓度分别进行关联,定性解释和定量关联都令人满意,说明了该模型的适用性.     

聚丙烯酰胺水溶液的流变特性

通过测定聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)水溶液不同状态下的表观黏度,研究了质量浓度、剪切速率和温度对PAM溶液流变特性的影响。结果表明,在浓度范围1.0～4.0 g/L时,PAM溶液表观黏度随浓度的增加呈线性递增。在浓度范围2.0～4.0 g/L时,PAM溶液表现为假塑性流体特性,其表观黏度随剪切速率的升高而降低,且两者的对数值呈线性关系,非牛顿指数n随稠度系数K的增加而降低;溶液表观黏度随温度的升高而降低,其黏流活化能约为10 kJ/mol。PAM溶液表现为明显的正触变性。     

阳离子型聚丙烯酰胺技术条件及絮凝性能评价研究

国家《节能减排"十二五"规划》中,在加强城镇生活污水处理设施建设方面,要求到2015年我国城市污水处理率和污泥无害化处置率分别达到85%和70%。阳离子型聚丙烯酰胺作为一种性能良好的污水处理与污泥脱水剂,被广泛应用于污水处理、污泥脱水处理中。阳离子型聚丙烯酰胺具有优良的选择性和适应性,目前世界有五大系列2 000多个品种,世界年总需求量为65万t,年需求增长率为10%。今后我国污泥脱水处理、污水处理、石油开采、造纸等领域对阳离子聚丙烯酰胺的需求量将不断增长。针对阳离子型聚丙烯酰胺制定了系列质量评价方法并对其在水处理应用方面进行了研究。     

Study on superabsorbent composite. VIII. Effects of acid‐ and heat‐activated attapulgite on water absorbency of polyacrylamide/attapulgite

A novel superabsorbent composite, polyacrylamide/attapulgite, from acrylamide (AM) and attapulgite (APT), was prepared by free‐radical polymerization, using N,N′‐methylenebisacrylamide (MBA) as a crosslinker and ammonium persulfate (APS) as an initiator. The effects of hydrochloric acid (HCl) concentration, acidification time, and acidification temperature while acidifying APT and temperature and APT heat‐activation on water absorbency of the superabsorbent composite in distilled water and in 0.9 wt % NaCl solution were studied. The water absorbency first decreases with increasing the HCl concentration while acidifying APT, and then increases with further increasing the HCl concentration. Prolongation of acidification time is of benefit to the increase of water absorbency. At a given HCl concentration, water absorbency for the composite increases with increasing acidification temperature. An important increase in water absorbency was observed after incorporating heat‐activated APT into the polymeric network, reaching a maximum of 1964 g g^?1 with the APT heat‐activated at 400°C. Acid‐ and heat‐activation can influence chemical composition, crystalline structure, cation exchange capacity (CEC), and specific surface area of APT according XRF, XRD, FTIR analysis, and physicochemical properties test, and then on water absorbency of corresponding PAM/APT superabsorbent composite. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 2419–2424, 2007     

Micellization of Anionic Sulfonate Gemini Surfactants and Their Interactions With Anionic Polyacrylamide

Anionic sulfonate gemini surfactants 8‐s‐8(SO₃)₂ and 12‐s‐12(SO₃)₂ (s = 3, 6) were synthesized, and their micellization in aqueous solution at 25.0 °C and pH 9 was investigated. The results show that the critical micelle concentrations (CMC) of 8‐s‐8(SO₃)₂ are more than 2 orders of magnitude larger than those of 12‐s‐12(SO₃)₂, but the spacer length has a relatively small impact on the CMC. Moreover, the interactions of n‐s‐n(SO₃)₂ (n = 8, 12; s = 3, 6) with anionic polyacrylamide (PAM) at 25.0 °C and pH 9 were investigated using surface tensiometry, rheolgy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results indicate that the surface tension and rheological properties of PAM depend on the concentration of n‐s‐n(SO₃)₂. Below the critical aggregation concentration of C₁, surface tension is sharply reduced, the surface tension of n‐s‐n(SO₃)₂/PAM is lower than n‐s‐n(SO₃)₂ alone, but viscosity is almost unchanged with increasing C_{n‐s‐n(SO3)2}. Above C₁, surface tension reduces very slowly until the saturated concentration of C₂ is reached. Above C₂, surface tension rapidly reduces until C_M is attained, suggesting free n‐s‐n(SO₃)₂ micelles begin to form. In the region of C₁–C_M, the viscosity significantly increases. Above C_M, surface tension is basically unchanged and these curves coincide with those of the single surfactant system. Moreover, the viscosity is almost constant. The SEM images indicate that fibrous aggregates are formed below C₁, then transformed into multilayer fibrous aggregates above C₁, and further into fiber‐braided‐structured and spider‐web‐structured aggregates above C_M. The variation of viscosity is closely associated with the transformation of aggregates.     

水解聚丙烯酰胺与壳聚糖复配混凝处理钻井废水

向聚丙烯酰胺（PAM）中加入NaOH使其水解来制备阴离子型聚丙烯酰胺（HPAM），并与在酸性介质中带正电荷的壳聚糖复配，混凝处理钻井废水。设计正交实验对HPAM和壳聚糖加量，PAM水解时间，水解pH值进行评价，并与其他混凝剂进行对比，取得了污水混凝处理和脱色效果好，CODcr去除率较高的实验结果。     

阳离子聚丙烯酰胺水处理剂

本文采用由氧化还原体系、偶氮化合物和辅助引发剂组成的复合引发体系,通过水溶液自由基共聚合,引发丙烯酰胺与阳离子单体反应得到阳离子聚丙烯酰胺,该产品可用于水处理絮凝剂。阳离子聚丙烯酰胺相对分子质量最高可达2.276×107,阳离子单体质量分数可在1%～100%范围内任意调控。考察了pH值,引发剂浓度、单体质量分数、引发温度和辅助引发剂等添加剂用量对聚合反应的影响。通过正交实验,确定了优化工艺参数;引发剂浓度,6×10-3%(对单体);单体质量分数,20%;pH值,8;引发温度,10℃;四甲基乙二胺浓度,6×10-2%;偶氮二异丁腈浓度,8×10-3%。     

水溶性聚丙烯酰胺处理油漆废水

用水溶性聚丙烯酰胺为主要原料制备消粘剂A组分,并与有机高分子絮凝剂B组分处理"过喷"涂料油漆污水。研究了该凝聚剂的最佳配方和制备工艺条件、组分A与组分B处理油漆污水的用量、探讨了该凝聚剂的作用机理。与传统的凝聚剂相比,漆渣完全脱粘、呈沙土状,漆渣凝聚性好、循环水残渣含量低、循环水澄清透明。吨油污单耗凝聚剂成本为1.7296元,比传统单耗凝聚剂成本下降了13.5%,具有明显经济效益和环保价值。     

驱油用水解聚丙烯酰胺分子量测定方法研究进展

聚合物分子量及分子量分布是水解聚丙烯酰胺评价和合成研究的重要指标之一,在研究其黏度、水力学半径、降解规律和聚合物筛选评价等方面有着重要应用。本文简要回顾了黏度法、光散射法、凝胶色谱法、联用技术、场流技术的基本原理及在测定水解聚丙烯酰胺分子量中的应用及发展情况。黏度法设备简单,对操作人员要求较低,易于掌握,是目前主要评价手段;光散射法对样品除尘等要求较高,主要用于机理研究与分析,在大庆油田已有应用;驱油用的水解聚丙烯酰胺由于分子量大、非体积效应显著,应用凝胶色谱技术测其分子量还需要做大量的研究工作;场流技术能有效解决聚合物分子的剪切断裂问题,具有比较广阔的发展前景。