Temporal and spatial dynamics of surface run‐off from Lake Basaka catchment (Ethiopia) using SCS‐CN model coupled with remote sensing and GIS

The Lake Basaka catchment (Ethiopia) has undergone a significant land use–land cover (LULC) change and lake level rise over the past five decades. Significant quantities of water and sediment flow annually into the lake through erosion processes. An appropriate method of estimating the surface run‐off from such ungauged and dynamic catchment is extremely important for delineating sensitive areas (based on run‐off responses) to be protected and for development of suitable measures to reduce run‐off and associated soil loss. Reliable prediction of run‐off, however, is very difficult and time‐consuming for catchments such as that of Lake Basaka. The present study estimated the dynamics of surface (direct) run‐off using the NRCS‐CN model in ArcGIS, assisted by remote sensing and ancillary data. The results indicated the Lake Basaka catchment experienced significant temporal and spatial variability in its run‐off responses, depending on the rainfall (amount and distribution) pattern and LULC changes. A significant run‐off increase occurred after 1973, consistent with significant LULC changes and lake level increments occurring after that period. A reduced vegetation cover also resulted in increased run‐off coefficient of the lake catchment from 0.11 in the 1970s to 0.23 in the 2000s, indicating the important need to consider possible future LULC evolution when forecasting the lake catchment run‐off behaviour.     

A customised approach to determining the geomorphic effectiveness of small flood events in a regulated river

The construction of dams significantly alters flow and sediment regimes with subsequent deleterious effects on the morphological and ecological character of rivers. Effective experimental floods can ameliorate the downstream geomorphic impacts of dams. The traditional view is that large floods are required to perform effective geomorphic work, and the geomorphic outcomes of small floods are often overlooked. Many river restoration frameworks do not consider small floods. Yet, there is evidence that the hydrological characteristics that ameliorate specific geomorphic impacts in a river are unique to each river, and a customised approach to setting the right mix of floods (including small experimental floods) is needed. In this study, we modify an existing flood effectiveness model developed for large floods, for determining the geomorphic effectiveness of small floods in a highly regulated Australian river. Two flood classes were added to the model (medium peak stream power and moderate total energy expenditure), and the flood power characteristics were rescaled to reflect the relative difference in the magnitude of the small floods and the magnitude of the geomorphic work performed. Using a step‐wise approach, this customised model determined the geomorphic effectiveness of small floods. The best flood for ameliorating the geomorphic impacts of flow regulation had medium to long duration (10 to 51 days), high peak unit stream power (77 to 123 Wm^?2) and moderate to large total energy expenditure (78,600 to 342,320 × 10³ J). This approach to determining flood effectiveness for small floods is applicable to other geomorphically impacted river channels downstream of dams and can be used to inform experimental flood releases for geomorphic outcomes.     

基于集对分析联系数的合肥市水资源承载力评价

为科学指导合肥市水资源综合规划与管理,在综合分析水资源承载力与水资源-社会经济-生态环境系统相互关系的基础上,从支撑力、压力、调控力子系统选取13项指标,建立合肥市水资源承载力评价指标体系,运用集对分析联系数评价模型对合肥市2011-2016年水资源承载力进行综合评价。结果表明:合肥市2011-2015年水资源承载力评价等级为3级,2016年为2级,整体形势严峻,承载能力较差,但已有所改善,发展趋势良好;运用减法集对势理论,确定指标人均水资源量、产水模数、植被覆盖率、人口密度、水资源开发利用率、生态用水率是导致合肥市水资源承载力不足的主要因素。     

流动空气压差比拟与风电叶片翼型线确定理论的探讨

翼型是风电叶片设计的关键元素,对风电叶片的气动性能、风能转化和利用率都有重要影响。因此,翼型研究一直是风电叶片研究的热点和难点。论文深入分析了流动空气与风电叶片的相互作用,提出了用空气重力比拟其流动前后压差产生的动力的概念,建立了流动空气沿风电叶片流动的能量转化关系,以此为基础推导出了风电叶片翼型线理论公式,并用Xfoil软件对比分析了翼型线理论公式确定的新翼型和BRUXEL36翼型,发现在-2°~6°攻角条件下,新翼型具有较高升阻比,其中在攻角为3°时,新翼型升阻比高出BRUXEL36翼型25左右。论文研究为流动空气与风电叶片相互作用理论及风电叶片翼型线理论的发展提供了新尝试和重要借鉴。     

均匀设计方法在水电站发电调度优化中的应用研究

水电站工程的科学调度是实现水资源优化配置、发挥工程效益的重要方式和有效手段。文章以水丰水电站为例,进行了均匀设计方法在水电站发电优化调度中的应用研究,结果显示该方法与传统优化方法相比具有明显优势,可以用于水电站发电调度优化研究。     

节点类型扩展潮流计算的灵敏度分析

为改善传统灵敏度对潮流的计算分析,在PQ,PV,Vθ三类节点类型基础上,提出了基于节点类型扩展潮流计算的灵敏度计算方法.采用PQV,Qθ,QV,PQVθ等扩展节点类型推导了在节点类型扩展潮流计算的修正方程基础上的相关常用的灵敏度计算公式.算例分析结果表明:在潮流计算中含有新的扩展节点类型时,常规灵敏度分析方法的准确性明显下降,而使用基于节点类型扩展潮流计算的灵敏度分析方法仍能获得很好的精度.算例验证了所推导的计算公式的合理性.提出的基于节点类型扩展潮流的灵敏度计算方法可以提高在大规模系统中的准确性,能够更好地模拟潮流变化的规律.     

火电厂工程项目管理创新模式及基建实践探讨

由于火电厂建设具备"投资大、专业性强、工期长、占地面积大、交叉作业多、施工工序复杂、危险系数大"等特点,基建管理难度大,为此强化项目管理创新显得尤为重要。"六精"管理模式是华电六安电厂在基建期间为实现"精品创优"目标不断总结、提炼而成的项目管理创新成果,并在实践中取得了良好的综合效益,具有实践效果佳、操作性好、可参考性强等特点。     

基于改进PLS和PLS_ZP算法的卫星移动通信信道估计

针对传统最小平方(least square,LS)算法和基于离散傅里叶变换(discrete Fourier transform,DFT)的信道估计算法不能有效提高宽带卫星移动信道的传输性能这一问题,提出改进的基于功率判决的LS估计算法(简称PLS)和PLS补零插值算法(简称PLS_ZP).PLS算法在基于DFT估计算法的基础上,利用宽带卫星移动信道的衰落特性,通过对有效抽头数的限制设定功率阈值,抑制有效抽头外的噪声;PLS_ZP算法利用时域补零等效频域内插的原理对原频域插值算法进行改进,充分利用所有已估计导频信息.理论分析和仿真结果表明,与传统信道估计算法相比,PLS和PLS_ZP算法的信道估计均方误差(mean square error,MSE)和误比特率(bit error rate,BER)均有一定程度的提升,且算法复杂度较低,易于硬件实现.     

基于数据分布的快速灰关联分析

从灰关联分析中最核心的灰关联度构造及相应的挖掘算法出发,结合正态分布的普适性,提出了一种体现数据分布特点的正态灰数,并给出了相应的灰度及灰关联度计算方法。在此基础上,构建了一种多粒度无监督的快速灰聚类方法,无需先验知识即可完成自动聚类。通过实验验证了本文方法的有效性,为大数据下灰关联分析的进一步发展提供了新思路。     

自由活塞汽油直线发电机燃烧过程特性

为了获得自由活塞汽油直线发电机工作过程中的燃烧特性,根据试验测得的活塞运动曲线对其燃烧过程进行了CFD仿真研究,并对比传统发动机分析了两种发动机活塞运动规律差异对燃烧过程的影响规律。研究发现:与传统发动机相比,自由活塞汽油发电机缸内最高燃烧压力和平均温度均较小,且最高燃烧压力保持时间较短,这有助于减少NO污染物;自由活塞直线发电机燃烧放热率呈现"缓和长"的特点,燃烧放热过程等容度较低;自由活塞直线发电机较少的混合气在上止点前完成燃烧,压缩行程负功较小,但由于后燃较严重,其指示效率较传统发动机低。