Jointly improving energy efficiency and smoothing power oscillations of integrated offshore wind and photovoltaic power: a deep reinforcement learning approach

This paper proposes a novel deep reinforcement learning (DRL) control strategy for an integrated ofshore wind and photovoltaic (PV) power system for improving power generation efciency while simultaneously damping oscillations. A variable-speed ofshore wind turbine (OWT) with electrical torque control is used in the integrated ofshore power system whose dynamic models are detailed. By considering the control system as a partially-observable Markov decision process, an actor-critic architecture model-free DRL algorithm, namely, deep deterministic policy gradient, is adopted and implemented to explore and learn the optimal multi-objective control policy. The potential and efectiveness of the integrated power system are evaluated. The results imply that an OWT can respond quickly to sudden changes of the infow wind conditions to maximize total power generation. Signifcant oscillations in the overall power output can also be well suppressed by regulating the generator torque, which further indicates that complementary operation of ofshore wind and PV power can be achieved.     

计及线路传输能力的新能源电力系统灵活性评估及优化调度方法

新能源大规模接入电网对电力系统灵活调节能力带来巨大挑战,针对目前电力系统灵活性评估及优化调度集中于供需匹配而缺乏对线路传输能力的考虑,提出了计及线路传输能力的新能源电力系统灵活性评估及优化调度方法。首先,分析线路传输能力对灵活性需求实现的影响,并计及新能源及负荷的波动性和不确定性,量化节点灵活性需求及其在线路上的分配。然后,从资源灵活性裕量和线路灵活性传输裕量两个角度提出系统灵活性不足量评估指标,多方面评估系统灵活性。将该评估指标作为机会约束条件,构建考虑资源-线路双重裕量的优化调度模型。采用线性化手段和基于拉丁超立方抽样的机会约束确定性转化方法将优化调度模型化简为混合整数线性规划模型以降低求解难度。最后,采用改进IEEE39节点系统和某实际电网进行仿真验证,结果表明所提方法能够减轻线路阻塞,减少切负荷量,提高新能源消纳。     

基于状态熵权和双轨制TOPSIS的电能质量实时综合评估方法

为实现电能质量连续、实时综合评估,提出了一种全域电能质量评估体系,设计了综合评估方法。首先,使用熵权法构造各指标间数据信息量的对比通道,实现对电能质量指标影响权重的常权赋予,保证赋权的客观性。通过构造状态变元,对计算单元内各点权重进行动态调整,保证指标时序赋权的动态特性,增强时域下的权重分辨率。然后,提出了双轨制TOPSIS评估方法,分别开辟数据与等级的TOPSIS计算路径,避免数据与等级杂糅对两者内部相对关系的破坏,减小评估标准对于数据的依赖,保证各时段评估标准的一致性。最后,实时判断两者贴合度,完成数据向等级的并轨,得到以综合评估等级为判据的电能质量整体状态评价和以状态权重为参考的等级变化成因分析。通过算例分析验证了该评估方法能够实现实时评估,具备准确快速地反映电能质量随时间变化的能力,且评估流程具有普适性。     

基于云相似度与证据融合的电力变压器状态评价方法

针对电力变压器状态评价过程中存在的不确定性,提出一种基于云相似度和证据融合的电力变压器状态评价方法。首先,考虑到各指标在状态等级边界处的随机性与模糊性问题,采用云模型来建立状态评价的基本框架。其次,为兼顾状态等级划分的严明性和模糊性,采用改进的云熵优化算法确定云模型的熵值。然后,考虑到指标数据本身的不确定性,利用正向云发生器和云合成算法生成各试验项目待识别云和标尺云,并采用模糊贴近度计算二者间的相似度作为证据源的基本概率分配。最后,采用考虑证据可信度和不确定度的冲突证据修正方法修正证据源,并融合不同证据以判断电力变压器的最终状态。经实例验证,相较于传统方法,所提方法能够有效处理状态评价过程中的不确定性,评价结果符合电力变压器的真实情况,对电力设备状态评价有一定参考价值。     

基于定频MPC的飞跨电容储能双向直流变换器低频波动功率抑制策略

为抑制直流母线低频波动功率对储能系统的影响,以飞跨电容双向直流变换器为研究对象,提出基于单目标定频模型预测控制(model predictive control, MPC)低频波动功率抑制策略。为降低传统MPC算法的运算负荷,通过对变换器数学模型进行分析,提出一种单目标定频MPC控制算法。该算法仅需通过电感电流单目标约束函数,即可实现对系统电流及双端飞跨电容电压的控制,无须对两端飞跨电容电压进行独立寻优,极大地降低了计算量。为实现对储能系统低频波动功率的抑制,引入低频波动功率抑制算法,通过与所提MPC算法的融合,使最终控制方案能够在实现储能控制目标的前提下,具备低频波动功率抑制能力,且保持良好的动态性能。通过搭建小功率实验平台对所提控制策略的有效性进行了验证。     

On the design considerations of solid-state power amplifiers for satellite communications: A systems perspective

Conventional solid-state power amplifier (SSPA) design approach isolates radio frequency (RF) design from communication theory. In this paper, a unified SSPA design approach is proposed, which optimizes SSPA parameters (bias voltage and input RF signal power) to minimize total DC power consumption while satisfying received SNR constraint specified by the link budget. The effect of SSPA nonlinearity is quantified by the error vector magnitude measured at its output and the corresponding received SNR degradation is analyzed. Using the quantitative metrics for received SNR, it is possible to evaluate highly nonlinear SSPA classes such as Class-B or deep-Class AB, which are normally not considered in conventional SSPA design approach to be used in satellite communication applications.     

19.28% Efficiency and Stable Polymer Solar Cells Enabled by Introducing an NIR-Absorbing Guest Acceptor

Here, a near-infrared (NIR)-absorbing small-molecule acceptor (SMA) Y-SeNF with strong intermolecular interaction and crystallinity is developed by combining selenophene-fused core with naphthalene-containing end-group, and then as a custom-tailor guest acceptor is incorporated into the binary PM6:L8-BO host system. Y-SeNF shows a 65 nm red-shifted absorption compared to L8-BO. Thanks to the strong crystallinity and intermolecular interaction of Y-SeNF, the morphology of PM6:L8-BO:Y-SeNF can be precisely regulated by introducing Y-SeNF, achieving improved charge-transporting and suppressed non-radiative energy loss. Consequently, ternary polymer solar cells (PSCs) offer an impressive device efficiency of 19.28% with both high photovoltage (0.873 V) and photocurrent (27.88 mA cm⁻²), which is one of the highest efficiencies in reported single-junction PSCs. Notably, ternary PSC has excellent stability under maximum-power-point tracking for even over 200 h, which is better than its parental binary devices. The study provides a novel strategy to construct NIR-absorbing SMA for efficient and stable PSCs toward practical applications.     

New Polymerized Small Molecular Acceptors with Non-Aromatic π-Conjugated Linkers for Efficient All-Polymer Solar Cells

Developing new polymerized small molecular acceptor (PSMA) is pivotal for improving the performance of all-polymer solar cells. On the basis of this newly developed CH-series small molecule acceptors, two PSMAs are reported herein (namely PZC16 and PZC17, respectively). To reduce the molecular torsion caused by the traditional aromatic π-bridges, non-aromatic conjugated units (ethynyl for PZC16 and vinylene for PZC17) are adopted as the linkers and their effect on the photo-physical properties as well as the device performance are systematically investigated. Both polymer acceptors exhibit co-planar molecular conformation, along with broad absorption ranges and suitable energy levels. In comparison with the PM6:PZC16 film, the PM6:PZC17 film exhibits more uniform phase separation in morphology with a distinct bi-continuous network and better crystallinity. The PM6:PZC17-binary-based devices exhibit a satisfactory PCE of 16.33%, significantly higher than 9.22% of the PZC16-based devices. Impressively, PM6:PZC17-based large area device (ca. 1 cm²) achieves an excellent PCE of 15.14%, which is among the top performance for reported all-polymer solar cells (all-PSCs).     

An Efficient One-Arrow-Two-Hawks Strategy Achieves High Efficiency and Stable Batch Variance for Benzodifuran-based Polymer Solar Cells

With the development of organic solar cells (OSCs), the high-performance and stable batch variance are becoming a new challenge for designing polymer donors. To obtain high photovoltaic performance, adopting polymers with high molecular weight as donors is an ordinary strategy. However, the high molecular weight need to subtly control the reaction time and state, inevitably caused batch-to-batch variations. Herein, a strategy of steric effect is applied to benzodifuran (BDF)-based polymer by introducing different positions of Cl atom, producing two polymers PBDFCl-1 and PBDFCl-2. The more twisted side chains conformation not only achieve the control of moderate molecular weight for PBDFCl-2, but also easily form molecular stacking through adopting BDF unit and maintain sufficient polymeric crystallinity. Due to the optimized stacking mode and good blend miscibility, PBDFCl-2-based device exhibitsa more elegant power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 17.00% compared to PBDFCl-1-based device. This is the highest efficiency record for BDF-based binary OSCs. Meanwhile, the PCE device variation of the different molecular weights for PBDFCl-2 is little, indicating the reduction of the batch variation. Therefore, smartly using steric effect of Cl atom in strong crystalline BDF unit can form efficient molecular stacking regulations and realize the coordination of high-performance and stable batch variance.     

Enabling On-Demand Conformal Zn-Ion Batteries on Non-Developable Surfaces

Conventional power sources encounter difficulties in achieving structural unitization with complex-shaped electronic devices because of their fixed form factors. Here, it is realized that an on-demand conformal Zn-ion battery (ZIB) on non-developable surfaces uses direct ink writing (DIW)-based nonplanar 3D printing. First, ZIB component (manganese oxide-based cathode, Zn powder-based anode, and UV-curable gel composite electrolyte) inks are designed to regulate their colloidal interactions to fulfill the rheological requirements of nonplanar 3D printing, and establish bi-percolating ion/electron conduction pathways, thereby enabling geometrical synchronization with non-developable surfaces, and ensuring reliable electrochemical performance. The ZIB component inks are conformally printed on arbitrary curvilinear substrates to produce embodied ZIBs that can be seamlessly integrated with complicated 3D objects (including human ears). The conformal ZIB exhibits a high fill factor (i.e., areal coverage of cells on underlying substrates, ≈100%) that ensures high volumetric energy density (50.5 mWh cm_cell⁻³), which exceeds those of previously-reported shape-adaptable power sources.