Hydrogen evolution on RuxTi1−xO2 in 0.5 M H2SO4

Hydrogen evolution from 0.5 M H₂SO₄ on Ti electrodes coated with a Ru_xTi_1−xO₂ (x=0.04-0.5) layer has been studied by potentiostatic polarisation, cyclic voltammetry and ac-impedance spectroscopy. The results indicate that after a certain activation period the performance of such an electrode coating is comparable to platinum. The addition of small amounts of sodium molybdate increased the capacitance of the electrode and a reduction of the performance was observed. Increasing the temperature of the pure electrolyte from 20 to 75 °C caused an increase in the rate of the hydrogen evolution and in addition an increase of the electrode capacitance. The electrodes have been found to be rather tolerant to chloride and Fe²⁺ ions, and could hence be promising candidates as catalyst materials for solid polymer water electrolysis systems. From steady state measurements the Tafel slopes were found to change from −105 mV/decade for pure titanium to about −40 mV/decade for the (RuTi)O₂ coated electrodes. The exchange current densities were calculated from the steady state curves, as well as from impedance data, to be about 10⁻⁴ A cm⁻² after activation.     

A modified consensus approach to mutagenesis inverts the cofactor specificity of Bacillus stearothermophilus lactate dehydrogenase

Lactate dehydrogenase from Bacillus stearothermophilus is specific for NAD+. There have been several attempts to alter the cofactor specificity of this enzyme, but these have yielded enzymes with relatively low activities that still largely prefer NAD+. A modified consensus approach was used to create a library of phylogenetically preferred amino acids situated near the cofactor binding site, and variants were screened for their ability to utilize NMN+. A triple mutant (Mut31) was discovered that proved to be more catalytically efficient than wild-type. Mut31 was also better at utilizing NAD+ than the wild-type enzyme and was weakly active with NADP+ and NMN+. An analysis of single amino acid substitutions suggested that all three mutations worked in a concerted fashion to yield robust cofactor utilization. When two previously identified amino acid substitutions were introduced into the Mut31 background, the resultant quintuply substituted enzyme not only utilized NADP+ far better than the wild-type enzyme, it actually inverted its preference for NAD+ and NADP+.     

Oxygen and chlorine evolution on RuO2 + TiO2 + CeO2 + Nb2O5 mixed oxide electrodes

A systematic investigation was conducted on the mechanism and electrocatalytic properties of O₂ and Cl₂ evolution on mixed oxide electrodes of nominal composition: Ti/[Ru_(0.3)Ti_(0.6)Ce_(0.1−x)]O₂[Nb₂O₅]_(x) (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.1). For the oxygen evolution, a 30 mV Tafel slope is obtained in the presence of CeO₂, while in its absence a 40 mV coefficient is observed. The intrinsic electrocatalytic activity is mainly due to electronic factors, as result of the synergism between Ru and Ce oxides. For chlorine evolution, the Tafel slope (30 mV) is independent on oxide composition. The best global electrocatalytic activity for ClER was observed in the absence of Nb₂O₅ additive. Variation of the voltammetric charge throughout the experiments confirms high CeO₂ content compositions are fragile, due mainly to the porosity caused by CeO₂ presence. On the other hand, Nb₂O₅ addition decreases considerably this instability.     

自适应演化软件研究进展*

自适应演化软件通过演化技术,为软件添加动态、柔性以及灵活可变的特征,使软件系统能更好地适应动态、开放以及难控的网络环境,并在普适计算、嵌入计算等领域表现出良好的应用前景,成为当前软件技术研究中备受关注的热点之一。为更好地研究自适应演化软件,需对现有研究成果进行总结和归纳。首先总结自适应演化的基本特征,指出其面临的挑战;在此基础上,从语言、体系结构和框架应用层面描述其研究成果,并对其进行分类与比较,进而给出相关概念结构;最后总结了其不足以及进一步的研究问题。     

基于新模糊准则与 DE算法的红外人体图像分割 *

人体目标的抽取是红外人体图像处理的基础 ,为了有效获取红外图像中的人体目标 ,提出了一种新的图像阈值化方法。首先在对模糊熵方法本质分析的基础上 ,通过参数变换定义了一种新的最小化模糊准则 ,然后将差分演化 ( differential evolution, DE)算法与新模糊准则相结合用于快速、有效地获取最佳阈值 ,最后在真实红外人体图像上与其他方法进行了对比实验。实验结果表明 ,所提出的方法不仅能得到理想的分割结果 ,而且 CPU耗时也较少 ,满足实时性处理要求。     

基于本体的可信软件演化框架模型*

为系统化地考虑开放环境对软件可信性的影响和驱动作用,提出了一种基于本体空间并支持动态演化的框架模型。该模型采用本体空间的方法解决用户、系统和环境三者之间交互的语义问题,在此基础上,通过预定义的规则对软件行为的可信性和自主调整的必要性进行评估,依据评估结果从微观层次的规约制导和宏观层次的人机协同在软件生命周期内对其调整、配置与修正。应用实例及测试结果验证了该框架模型的有效性与可行性。     

Microscopic characterization of semi-solid aluminium alloys

The microstructural evolution and element distribution of the Al-4Cu-Mg alloy during semi-solid compression were investigated,and the precipitate behavior and dislocation morphology were discussed.The experimental results show that the microstructure,the number of CuAl2(θ phase) precipitates,and the dislocation density of the Al-4Cu-Mg alloy depend apparently on the process parameters.More segregation of Cu at the grain boundary happens with an increase of deformation temperature and a decrease of strain ra...     

数据同化框架下红外与可见光图像的可控融合

针对现有图像融合方法的规则不易根据融合图像的后续使用要求进行自适应调整,并且各种方法的优点不易综合的问题,提出一种数据同化框架下的基于粒子群优化(PSD)和差分进化(DE)算法的融合方法。该方法把比率低通金字塔变换作为数据同化系统的模型算子,把非下采样的Contourlet变换(NSCT,nonsubsampled contourlet transform)作为观测算子,根据后续处理对图像各个属性指标值的依赖程度构造目标函数,再利用PSD和DE的混合算法来优化目标函数从而获取合适的影像。两组实验从视觉效果和定量指标两方面验证了方法的有效性。     

Relation between structural evolution of the Longmenshan orogenic zone and sedimentation of its foreland basin

In order to determine the area for oil and gas exploration in China's north Sichuan basin, we have divided the time during which the Longmenshan foreland basin was formed into five periods, based on the sedimentary response relationship of the fore-land basin to structural evolution: 1) a late Triassic Noric period; 2) an early-Middle Jurassic period; 3) a late Jurassic to early Cre-taceous period; 4) a late Cretaceous to Paleogene-Neogene period and 5) the Quaternary period. As well, we analyzed the sedimen-tary environment and lithologic features of every basin-forming period. The results show that there are several favorable source-reservoir-cap assemblages in our study area, making it a major region for future oil and gas exploration in China's northern Sichuan basin.     

Relationships between gas reservoir and the evolution of stope surrounding rock fracture at the process of mining the closed distance protection layer

Overburden rock movements and fracture developments occur during mining activities. Consequently, relief gas reservoirs and migration in coal seams being mined as well as in near distant coal seams appear. We considered a gas disaster management project and rules on stope relief of gas flows together and explored a gas reservoir and the evolution of stope surrounding rock fractures in the process of mining near distant protective layers by physical simulation, numerical simulation and field testing. Different techniques provide evidence of the rules of interaction of gas reservoirs and the evolution of surrounding rock fractures and are able to find accurately the gas-rich regions around the stope. Finally, we found that these rules can provide a basis for taking measures to prevent gas accidents in the protective layer of the coalface as well as for demonstrating and designing programs to drain high concentrations of gas from the gob.