Comments on Debra Hull's concept of rationality.

D. B. Hull (1988) misinterprets "rationality" as used in rational-emotive therapy (RET) in her critique of the present author's (1987) article. As used in RET, rational not only means derived from reason, but also means efficiently aiding human happiness. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The highly inappropriate calibrations of statistical significance.

Comments that an article had used the term "highly significant" to describe an empirical result. The author considers such a modifier to statistical significance is entirely inappropriate on 2 counts. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Do the Kallikaks look "menacing" or "retarded?"

To extend R. E. Fancher's (see record 1987-31600-001) review of claims that photographs of the Kallikak family in H. H. Goddard's (1912) study had been retouched to make them look more menacing and retarded, 29 Ss (aged 18–69 yrs) were surveyed for their impressions of the photographs. Overall, Ss were strongly inclined to view the photographed individuals as "kind" and "very bright." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

More on Goddard and the Kallikak family photographs.

Discusses retouching of the Kallikak family photographs in H. H. Goddard's (1912) study of mental retardation and heredity, with reference to analyses by R. E. Fancher (see record 1987-31600-001) and S. J. Gould (1981), and concurs with Fancher that the retouching was probably not done for deceitful purposes. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

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本文把与井简直接连通的大裂缝及井筒定义为“裂缝—井筒系统”,通过气体状态方程的变换和续流总量的计算,探索出井底大裂缝的容积及其储量的计算方法。     

Psychological Bulletin's top 10 "hit parade."

Examined the 10 most cited articles published in the Psychological Bulletin over the past 4 decades. Seven of the 10 articles were methodologically oriented. A survey of the authors revealed that highly cited articles have an important message that goes beyond momentary fads, are broad in topic and intended audience, accessible, and well written. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Citations do not solve problems.

D. T. Cambell and D. W. Fiske (1959) made the now-obvious statement that measures of the same variable made by different methods should agree (converge) and certainly should agree better than measures of different variables made by those several methods. Almost everyone accepted that statement, yet the multitrait–multimethod matrices published today show little or no improvement over the published examples cited in 1959. The article raised the conceptual problem of how a variable and its measurement should be linked and the methodological problem of clarifying the nature of methods and their effects. Given these unresolved problems, it is perhaps not surprising that the question of the appropriate statistical analysis of these matrices has also no consensual answer. Perhaps methods and traits or contents are so thoroughly intertwined that their interaction cannot be adequately analyzed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

On the fit of models to covariances and methodology to the Bulletin..

Notes that 7 of the 10 top-cited articles in the Psychological Bulletin deal with methodological topics. One of these is the P. M. Bentler and D. G. Bonett (1980) article on the assessment of fit in covariance structure models. Some context is provided on the popularity of this article. In addition, a citation study of methodology articles appearing in the Bulletin since 1978 was carried out. It verified that publications in design, evaluation, measurement, and statistics continue to be important to psychological research. Some thoughts are offered on the role of the journal in making developments in these areas more accessible to psychologists. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Modal logic as metalogic

The goal of this paper is to show how modal logic may be conceived as recording the derived rules of a logical system in the system itself. This conception of modal logic was propounded by Dana Scott in the early seventies. Here, similar ideas are pursued in a context less classical than Scott's.First a family of propositional logical systems is considered, which is obtained by gradually adding structural rules to a variant of the nonassociative Lambek calculus. In this family one finds systems that correspond to the associative Lambek calculus, linear logic, relevant logics, BCK logic and intuitionistic logic. Above these basic systems, sequent systems parallel to the basic systems are constructed, which formalize various notions of derived rules for the basic systems. The deduction theorem is provable for the basic systems if, and only if, they are at least as strong as systems corresponding to linear logic, or BCK logic, depending on the language, and their deductive metalogic is not stronger than they are.However, though we do not always have the deduction theorem, we may always obtain a modal analogue of the deduction theorem for conservative modal extensions of the basic systems. Modal postulates which are necessary and sufficient for that are postulates of S4 plus modal postulates which mimic structural rules. For example, the modal postulates which Girard has recently considered in linear logic are necessary and sufficient for the modal analogue of the deduction theorem.All this may lead towards results about functional completeness in categories. When functional completeness, which is analogous to the deduction theorem, fails, we may perhaps envisage a modal analogue of functional completeness in a modal category, of which our original category is a full subcategory.