城市暴雨管理模型应用研究进展

回顾了城市暴雨管理模型SWMM的发展过程,着重分析了模型开发关注的重点问题:子流域划分尺度、模型参数的选取和设定、参数不确定性及灵敏度分析、参数的率定、模型结构的不确定性分析、模型开发与耦合等,对模型在水文过程模拟、水动力过程模拟、水质过程模拟3个方面的应用进行了评述,并对模型未来的优化应用和开发提出了建议和展望。     

辽宁省“2013·7·16”暴雨洪水分析

受东移加强的高空槽及副热带高压共同影响,7月15日8时至17日8时,全省普降大到暴雨,局部大暴雨,发生了"2013·7·16"大暴雨并引发洪水,全省有多条河流发生洪水过程,造成不同程度的洪涝灾害。     

贵州省暴雨洪水计算实用手册应用概述

对于无实测流量资料的中小流域,常常借助本流域及邻近流域雨量站的资料,通过暴雨途径计算设计洪水。《贵州省暴雨洪水计算实用手册》及《贵州省暴雨洪水计算实用手册（修订本）》是目前贵州省中小流域无资料地区设计洪水计算的基本方法之一。文章阐述了《手册》的计算原理及其应用,并根据多年实践经验,针对软件应用中的一些问题提出处理意见。     

海河防潮闸防御风暴潮对策探析

随着天津滨海新区经济的蓬勃发展,风暴潮防灾减灾工作日趋重要。回顾了1939年以来最严重的风暴潮灾害——1992年风暴潮灾害,分析了海河闸挡潮能力现状,针对1992年以来海河防潮闸风暴潮的特点,提出了对风暴潮预警进行实时跟踪、完善应急响应体系、加强养护和检查观测、加强与地方的协调联防等应对措施。     

A Formula for the Conversion of 5-Minute Average, 10 Minute Average Rain Rate into 1-Minute Average Rain Rate for Prediction of Rain Induced Attenuation

The attenuation of microwave signal due to rain is a well established fact now. Localized models based on the rain rate and attenuation statistics is the basic necessity for a RF communication system designer. For development of any such model, we need long term statistics. These days most of the metrological data that is available is in the form of either 5-min or 10-min average rain rate and if we want to utilize this data, we need to convert this into 1-min equivalent average rain fall. In this paper, a formula has been purposed for the conversion of 5 min and 10 min average rain rate into 1 min equivalent average rain rate.     

漓江桂林流域“92.7”暴雨洪水分析

漓江桂林“９２．７”暴雨洪水由静止锋、高空低涡、切变线等天气系统且受流域地形抬升作用而形成的特大暴雨洪水。通过暴雨的过程、时空分布、走向以及区间来水等情况的分析，阐述上下游洪水均由三峰组成，而大溶江主峰在中为“山”字形组合，桂林则主峰在后，形成阶梯状逐级上升的特大洪水等特点。     

暴雨条件下沙棘林减水减沙效益研究

造成黄土高原水土流失的降雨主要是短历时暴雨。根据这一特点，利用人工模拟降雨方法研究了短历时暴雨条件下沙棘林的减水减沙效益，以及不同郁闭度对产流产沙过程的影响。结果表明，沙棘林郁闭度越高，减水减沙效益越好。     

pH and Acid Anion Time Trends in Different Elevation Ranges in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park

Quarterly base flow water quality data collected from October, 1993 to November, 2002 at 90 stream sites in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park were used in step-wise multiple linear regression models to analyze pH, acid neutralizing capacity (ANC), and sulfate and nitrate long-term time trends. The potential predictor variables included cumulative Julian day, seasonality, elevation, basin slope, stream order, precipitation, surrogate streamflows, geology, and acid depositional fluxes. Modeling revealed statistically significant decreasing trends in pH and sulfate with time at lower elevations, but generally no long-term time trends in stream nitrate or ANC. The best forecasting models were chosen based on maximizing the r2 of a holdout data set. If conditions remain the same and past trends continue, the forecasting models suggest that 30.0% of the sampling sites will reach pH values less than 6.0 in less than 10?years, 63.3% in less than 25?years, and 96.7% in less than 50?years. The pH forecasting models explain 65% of the variability in the holdout data.     

紫色土丘陵区典型生态-水文单元径流与氮磷输移特征

通过对紫色土丘陵区典型农业-集镇-林地复合型小流域3次降雨-径流全过程的连续监测，测定径流过程中泥沙含量和不同形态氮磷浓度，以期认识典型农村生态-水文单元降雨径流过程中氮磷迁移规律。结果表明：降雨-径流过程中悬浮泥沙的流失主要集中在径流前期，其峰值出现在雨强最大时；集镇径流污染的影响主要表现在径流前期，是径流前期铵态氮偏高的主因；降雨-径流过程中，颗粒态氮与可溶态氮比（PN/DN）、颗粒态磷与可溶态磷比（PP/DP）的峰值均出现在雨强较大时：其中PN/DN多小于1，而PP/DP范围为1.1~30.2，说明氮素流失主要通过可溶态的方式，而磷的迁移以颗粒态磷为主。因此在紫色丘陵区建议利用湿地植物与沉砂池等综合措施控制土壤侵蚀和非点源污染以保护当地生态环境安全。     

Conceptual design of rain radar for the tropical rainfall measuring mission

Specifications for a spaceborne rain radar for tropical rainfall measurement are described. A spaceborne rain radar has problems peculiar to rain observation from space. The radar must have a fast scanning mechanism to cover a large swath. Very weak rain echoes compared to the sea or land surface signal must be detected. These capabilities must be attained under the severe power consumption and mass limitations of the satellite bus. The fast scanning requirement forces application of an electrically scanning mechanism. This requirement also causes a severe limitation of the available number of independent samples. The requirement for weak rain echoes excludes application of the pulse compression technique, which is a very conventional technique for other active microwave sensors on board satellites. Under these constraints, a rain radar with an electrically scanning planar antenna at 13-8 GHz is proposed.