降雨入渗路基湿度场演变规律

为研究受地下水位高度差异的影响降雨入渗路基湿度场的分布与变化状态,基于饱和-非饱和土渗流理论,构建了5种具备不同初始地下水位的路基数值试验模型.通过分析两种降雨强度情况下的试验结果,总结了湿度场变化的主要规律,并阐述其根本机理.结果表明:降雨雨强越大,地下水受到扰动抬升越显著,路基层位越低,其湿度和扰动区扩距受地下水影响越显著;随着初始水位降低,路堤湿度极差的增幅呈二次曲线增大并至稳定值,扰动区水平扩距呈二次曲线减小并至稳定值;工况一定,则对应存在一个平衡水位线,当初始水位在其之下时,对路基湿度演变影响甚微,反之,随着初始水位的增高,路基湿度增幅呈对数递增.处于平衡水位之上时,初始地下水位高度对降雨入渗路基引发湿度场的分布与变化状态影响显著.     

3维Copula函数在降雨特征多变量频率分析中的应用

鉴于径流数据缺乏且难以长期监测而降雨数据相对完整,通常假定降雨和径流同频率,采用设计降雨进行水文分析计算,但此方法很难真实全面地反映降雨变化特征.为此,提出一种基于3维Copula函数的降雨特征多变量频率分析方法.首先利用降雨强度法将连续的降雨时间序列分割成若干个降雨事件,采用年最大值法取样,统计出表征雨量的特征变量,然后引入3维Copula函数构建降雨特征3变量联合概率模型,并以广州1961~2012年历史降雨数据为例进行分析.结果表明,基于3维Copula函数的多变量分析方法计算简单、可靠性高,可以进行3种不同降雨特征变量的组合分析,得到各种不同量级变量的遭遇概率和条件概率,能够更全面地反映降雨特征并更好地满足水文分析计算需求.     

城市不透水面扩张对地表径流量的影响

城市不透水面的扩张对地表径流量有显著影响。以哈尔滨市松花江沿岸的6个中心城区为例,运用线性光谱分解技术和L-THIA模型,模拟小雨、中雨、大雨和暴雨4种日降雨量情景和枯、丰水年情境下,不同年份由于不透水面的扩张所引起的日径流量和年径流量变化。结果表明:日径流量在小雨情境下所受不透水面的影响最为明显,随着雨量增加,影响显著减小;年径流量在枯水年受不透水面扩张的影响大于丰水年。运用L-THIA模型模拟不透水面扩张导致的径流量变化,所需参数少,操作简单快捷,模拟结果可为城市的排涝减灾、规划管理等提供参考。     

矸石山风蚀扬尘起尘风速确定研究

利用实测空气颗粒物数据和颗粒物体源扩散模式推导扬尘实际排放强度,根据扬尘实际排放强度突变比例确定不同地区矸石山风蚀扬尘起尘风速。     

西北风沙地区输电导线侵蚀及起晕电压实验模拟研究

针对西北地区风沙侵蚀输电导线现象,研究了导线粗糙度与起晕电压关系,在闭式风道内模拟了输电导线在第一年服役内受强沙尘暴侵蚀过程,并做了侵蚀铝棒的对照实验。用光切显微镜测量了表面粗糙度,电晕笼测量系统测量了起晕电压,再对实验数据插值与拟合处理,分析认为,导线粗糙度随风沙侵蚀呈增大趋势,而起晕电压在试验前期升高,试验中期起伏变化,后期与粗糙度呈负相关关系,即导线起晕电压随着粗糙度增大而降低。     

离子选择电极在水土流失养分监测中的应用

水土流失径流养分监测通常采用野外采集后进行实验室分析的方法,操作复杂。为验证离子选择电极这种可快速测量养分的方法在水土流失监测中的可靠性,以氨氮离子选择电极为例,与传统纳氏试剂分光光度法进行比较,在准确度、抗离子干扰及坡面径流迁移规律等方面进行实验。结果表明:电极法测定范围最大值为1000 mg/L,分光光度法测定范围最大值为2 mg/L;用幂函数模型模拟坡面径流氨氮迁移规律时,电极法测定值的拟合系数为0.9537,分光光度法的为0.9305。在95%的置信水平上,两方法结果并无显著性差异,而电极法的标准偏差小,其结果更接近标准值。     

近钻头旋扭冲击器结构设计与试验

PDC钻头在深井高硬度、研磨性较强的地层钻进时会出现蹩钻、跳钻现象,从而导致钻头机械钻速低、进尺少、经济效益差等问题。为提高钻头机械钻速,克服深井高硬地层普遍存在的粘滑现象,开展了近钻头旋扭冲击器设计研究工作。结合流体力学对工具进行结构优化设计,通过建立三维模型,运用模拟软件对工具结构流场进行有限元仿真分析,确定了工具结构参数。试制样机开展室内及现场的性能测试,样机各项功能正常,达到设计指标,满足现场应用要求。可为后期现场应用及工具的进一步优化改进提供借鉴。     

Structure/property relationships in sintered and thermally sprayed WC-Co

Thermally sprayed WC-Co is widely used as a wear-resistant coating for a variety of applications. Although it is well established that thermal spray processes significantly affect chemistry, microstructure, and the phase distribution of WC-Co coatings, little is known about how these changes influence wear resistance. In this study, the microstructure and wear behavior of sintered and thermally sprayed WC-Co materials are examined. Powders of WC-12 wt% Co and WC-17 wt% Co were pressed and sintered, as well as thermally sprayed by high-velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF), air plasma spray (APS), and vacuum plasma spray (VPS) techniques. Results indicated considerable differences in the resulting microstructures, mechanical properties, and wear resistance. The thermally sprayed coatings showed anisotropic fracture toughness, whereas the sintered materials did not. It was also shown that a combined mechanical property/microstructure parameter, based on considerations of indentation fracture mechanisms, can be used in most cases to describe abrasive and erosive wear resistance of thermally sprayed WC-Co materials as follows: Wear resistance a whereK _ic is the indentation fracture toughness,H is hardness, andV ^Co _f is the volume fraction of cobalt. This relationship provides a means for assessing wear resistance of WC-Co coatings intended for industrial applications requiring abrasion and/or erosion resistance.     

螺纹电极的制作方法

介绍了用电火花成形方法加工螺纹时的电极制作方法，尤其是换电极加工螺纹时电极的制作方法。     

Hydraulic erosion of concrete by a submerged jet

The hydraulic erosion of concrete is often found in civil and marine engineering construction. The present study explores the effects of several erosion parameters on the material loss of a concrete specimen subject to the hydraulic flow produced by a submerged jet. Such an investigation has rarely been reported in the literature. The concrete specimen has a typical compressive strength of 35 MPa, and the experimental parameters include the exposure time, incidence angle, standoff distance, and the hydraulic jet pressure. The impinging velocity is estimated based on the distance considered in the round jet model. The regression analysis shows the relationship between each parameter and the material loss. One finds that the material loss is proportional to the exposure time and the hydraulic pressure. The maximum erosion lies at an incidence angle of around 30° to 45° and is affected by the fourth-order polynomial of impinging velocity. The result of the present study provides a reference to engineering practice where concrete erosion is a concern.