Rainwater harvesting to control stormwater runoff in suburban areas. An experimental case-study

On a 23 ha urban watershed, 10 km East of Paris, rainwater tanks have been installed on 1/3 of the private parcels to prevent stormwater sewer overflows. This paper investigates the macroscopic effect of rainwater harvesting on runoff, and thus the potential of this technique for stormwater source control. The analysis is performed using the SWMM 5 model, calibrated on rainfall- runoff measures from two measurement campaigns, before and after the equipment. The availability of two data-sets allows the authors to point out changes in the catchment's behaviour. The main findings are that: (1) catchment's evolution, mainly caused by individual land-cover modifications, produces non-stationarity of the hydrologic behaviour; (2) the rainwater tanks installed, although they affect the catchment hydrology for usual rain events, are too small and too few to prevent sewer overflows in the case of heavy rain events.     

The hydrologic outcome of a Low Impact Development (LID) site including superposition with streamflow peaks

Hydrology plays a key role in mitigating environmental impacts with Stormwater Management (SWM). Site-level Low Impact Development (LID) is a promising approach but impeded by a lack of experience, performance metrics and comprehensive analysis. This study investigated the hydrologic performance of a small LID site (0.15 km²) including superposition with high flows of the receiving stream by monitoring precipitation, discharge and streamflow for 30 months. The results (73% event capture, 66–87% volume reduction, 39 L/ha/s peak discharge, 4.5% streamflow amplification) implied that site-level LID provides an alternative to conventional SWM even for unfavourable conditions. Weak performance related to underground storage, antecedent conditions, storm characteristics and freezing periods occurred seasonally; and a minimum storm capture volume could not be observed, but a maximum retention capacity. Future LID site designs should consider these characteristics and limitations, together with a differentiated analysis of a set of metrics for deducing environmental implications.     

Aggregated runoff from small watersheds based on stochastic representation of storm events

This paper is concerned with the estimation of aggregated direct runoff from small watersheds during a time interval (0,t), homogeneous with respect to rainfall characteristics. The storm events are simulated by a Poisson process, whereas direct runoff is estimated by the SCS method or a linear regression model. The probability of the occurrence of direct runoff is incorporated in the proposed method by examining the possibility of each storm exceeding the watershed losses index. A closed form solution is derived for the expected total direct runoff in the interval (0,t). Finally, the proposed method is applied to a particular set of conditions.Notation Q direct runoff - P rainfall depth - S index of watershed storage - CN Curve Number of SCS method - t time - T _i time interval between successive storm events (i andi+1) - X _i storm depth of theith event (case a) excess storm depth of theith event (case b) - Y(t) total direct runoff in (0,t) - N(t) number of storm events in (0,t) - F(t) distribution function of the time between storm events - G(x) distribution function of the storm depth - F _n(t),F _n+1(t) n-fold and (n+1)-fold convolution ofF(t), respectively - G _n(x),G _n+1(x) n-fold and (n+1)-fold convolution ofG(x), respectively - E[X] expected mean value - p probability of exceeding the thresholde,p+q=1 - * convolution operation     

产流模式的发现与发展

回顾了产流理论的起源,指出Horton产流理论、Kohler与Linsley的5变量合轴相关图形式的降雨径流相关图,以及Dunne通过实验对Horton产流理论的拓展,奠定了产流理论和流域产流量计算方法的基础。总结了中国自20世纪50年代以来在这一领域的主要实践和理论探索,指出中国学者发现的"蓄满产流"和"超渗产流"两种流域产流模式,以及局部产流问题及其处理方法,是对水文学的重要贡献。通过回顾与总结,系统深入地探讨了产流理论和降雨径流相关图形式与流域产流模式之间的关系,试图开启发展、完善流域产流量计算方法的思路。     

近47年来降水变化和人类活动对滦河流域年径流量的影响

近47年来,随着流域降水量的减少,以及水利工程的修建、林草地的减少等土地利用方式的改变,在气候变化和人类活动双重因素的作用下,滦河流域年径流量呈现出显著的减少趋势。现基于降水-径流经验统计模型的构建,定量评估了滦河流域降水变化和人类活动对该地区年径流量的影响程度。结果表明:①1983年以前,滦河流域年径流量受环境变化影响较小,1983年以后,年径流量受到气候变化和人类活动影响较为显著;②1984年-2006年期间,受人类活动影响所产生的年均减水量为11.97亿m3,占该时段减水量的84.42%,受降水变化所产生的年均减水量为2.21亿m3,占该时段减水量的15.58%,人类活动的贡献率远大于降水变化。     

城区屋面雨水径流水文水质特征研究

研究城区屋面径流水文过程与污染物浓度变化特征,为有效利用城市雨水、控制非点源污染提供依据。通过体积法对新乡市城区屋面降雨径流进行采样,水质指标分析包括pH、SS、COD和DO。屋面径流系数为0.92~0.98间。研究结果表明:径流初期污染严重,后期COD、SS浓度分别在25 mg/L和30 mg/L以下。径流曲线形态与降雨过程线类似,两者波动幅度相对较小。径流中COD与SS之间的相关性较好,而DO与其之间的相关性较差。径流水质主要受降雨量、降雨强度、屋面材料、季节和气温等因素影响。     

近 50 年济南三川流域降雨-径流关系变化分析

受气候变化和人类活动的影响,济南市三川流域(锦绣川、锦阳川、锦云川)降雨-径流关系发生显著变化,影响到济南市城市供水和保泉工程有效实施。利用1964-2011年近50年系列资料,采用滑动偏相关系数等方法,探讨三川流域降雨-径流关系变化规律,分析引起变化的内在机制与驱动因素。结果显示:受气候变化的影响,三川流域降水具有显著增加趋势;受水土保持、社会经济取用水等人类活动的影响,三川流域径流具有不显著的减少趋势。流域降雨-径流关系的突变点发生在1988年前后,通过1988-2011年与1964-1987年系列对比分析,流域平均降水量增加12.57%、入库径流减少8.85%。结合实地调查和水利普查数据分析,在三川流域降雨-径流关系变化中人类活动(蓄供水工程修建和水土保持措施实施等)占主导地位。气候变化对径流影响为正效应,人类活动为负效应。     

城市非点源污染的初步探讨

非点源污染是造成环境污染的重要因素之一，是指溶解的或固体的污染物从非特定的地点，在降水和径流的冲刷作用下，通过径流过程汇入受纳水体，而引起的水体污染，是相应于点源的重要污染源类型。非点源污染的危害与严重性随着点源污染控制能力的提高而逐渐表现出来。介绍了城市非点源污染的国内外研究现状，分析比较了城市非点源污染的研究方法。通过实地采集水样与实验室化验，分析了由城市降雨径流造成水环境污染的程度、污染物类型和各污染物浓度随径流时间的变化过程，进行了初步的探讨，并提出了一些规律性结论。     

Underestimation of flood quantiles from parallel drainage areas

A drainage area is often divided into sub-areas for estimating the area's time of concentration. If runoff from the sub-areas concentrates in parallel to the drainage outlet, the time of concentration of the drainage area is usually estimated as the longest time of travel through the individual sub-areas. Findings reported here show that this conventionally used method of estimating time of concentration for parallel drainage areas is inappropriate and may result in underestimation of flood quantiles. A more suitable method of estimating the time of concentration for areas comprised of parallel sub-areas is to use a runoff-weighted average of the times of travel through the parallel sub-areas. The runoff weight of each sub-area can be calculated as the product of its runoff coefficient and area. This proposed method was tested and shown to provide more accurate design flood estimates. Also compared in this study are design flood estimates obtained through continuous simulation and design storm modelling.     

栅格岩溶分布式水文模型

为提高岩溶区洪水的模拟精度,基于自由水蓄水库和线性水库的概念,提出了考虑表层岩溶带与深层地下溶隙调蓄作用下的降水径流分布式模拟方法.在栅格新安江模型的基础上引入表层岩溶带及深层地下溶隙调蓄模块,构建了栅格岩溶分布式水文模型,并将该模型和栅格新安江模型应用于典型岩溶流域(普厅河流域)进行对比分析.结果表明:栅格岩溶分布式...