灰色用地在苏州工业园区的规划探索

灰色用地是城市发展的弹性用地,是在城市发展过程中的一种过渡用地形式,当土地利用形式不能满足社会发展需要时,可以将弹性用地转换为其他类型用地.苏州工业园区规划将灰色用地定义为"退二进三"的工业用地,通过两次规划(整治性规划和功能置换规划),实现以最低的成本置换土地功能,适应市场经济发展要求.     

拉萨河流域径流对土地利用和气候变化的响应分析

拉萨河流域处青藏高原中南部,因其独特的地理位置是对气候变化较为敏感的区域之一,同时也是青藏高原人口和耕地较为密集区域.在建立SWAT模型对拉萨河流域水循环过程进行模拟的基础上,通过设置不同气候情景与土地利用状况,分析近30 a来拉萨河流域径流变化的成因,并研究径流对气候因子变化的敏感性.结果表明:①气候变化与土地利用对...     

沿海地区应对气候变化和人口快速增长的韧性土地利用规划——以美国佛罗里达州马坦萨斯河流域为例

气候变化引起的海平面上升以及人口快速增长引起的土地利用变化为新时期全球沿海低洼地区的土地利用规划带来了新的挑战。有别于传统的土地利用规划理念与方法，引入韧性城市的概念，以美国佛罗里达州马坦萨斯河入海口地区应对气候变化和人口快速增长的韧性土地利用规划为例，通过构建基于地理信息系统的综合模型，整合海平面上升影响模型、物种栖息地模型和土地利用预测模型来预测适应海平面上升的土地利用规划方案。研究的结果可为中国沿海地区特别是三角洲地区应对气候变化提供借鉴。     

Built on Solid Foundations? Assessing the Links between City-Scale Land Titling,Tenure Security and Housing Investment

This paper interrogates the links between city-scale land titling, tenure security and housing investment, using a case study of the donor-funded Land Management and Administration Project (LMAP) in Cambodia’s capital, Phnom Penh. It finds that LMAP activities centred on titling in planned residential areas with ‘informal’ tenure, despite residents exhibiting strong pre-titling tenure security and substantial housing investments. In contrast, ‘informal’ self-built settlements with high tenure insecurity and low levels of investment were excluded from project activities. Resultantly, the project did not increase tenure security and investment for the most vulnerable urban dwellers. The paper discusses the reasons for the project’s shortcomings, revealing policy implications for city-scale titling projects, and speaking to wider academic debates on titling in urban areas.     

Land use regulations and the dispersion of the IT Industry in the San Francisco Bay area

Urban economists have recently found evidence that land use regulations prevent the efficient migration of workers among regions, generating losses in output. By contrast, there is a lack of work that directly considers the relationship between land use regulations and the geography of firms and industries. Since the 1980s, the IT industry has dispersed from its historical core, Silicon Valley, around the broader San Francisco Bay Area. This study finds that restrictive land use practices have limited IT firm creation in Silicon Valley, pushing the industry to less productive parts of the regional economy.     

Effects of land‐use change and climate variability on streamflow in the Woken River basin in Northeast China

In this study, the soil and water assessment tool, which is a widely used hydrological model, is applied to study the response of streamflow to land‐use changes and climate variability in the Woken River basin in northeastern China. This model is calibrated and verified based on sensitivity analysis to simulate the effects of land‐use change, climate variability, and extreme land‐use scenarios on streamflow. Simulations are performed to construct different scenarios for quantitative analysis. Compared with the base period, the land‐use change reduced the annual average streamflow and had little effect on the monthly streamflow. Climate variability increased the average annual streamflow and had a substantial effect on monthly streamflow. The effect of climate variability on streamflow was much greater than that of land‐use changes. Under the extreme land‐use scenarios, the annual average streamflow under the forestland scenario decreased, and the average annual streamflow under the grassland and agricultural land scenarios increased. Both the forestland and grassland scenarios exhibited lower monthly streamflow from March to August with especially large influences in June–August, which was when floods were more likely to occur. The agricultural land scenario exhibited the opposite trend. These results indicate that climate variability will obviously change streamflow and that natural disasters related to both high and heavy precipitation must be emphasised. Relevant departments can optimize the land‐use structure and spatial layout to mitigate the negative effects of climate variability.     

国内土地利用生态风险研究进展

作为生态风险领域的重要研究主题，土地利用生态风险研究近年来热度持续上升。为考察国内土地利用生态风险的研究进展，选取该研究主题现有国内文献，通过编码、分析和归纳，从研究区域分布、数据采集与处理、土地利用分析方法、生态风险分析理论与方法几个方面进行分析，以期对土地利用生态风险研究现状做出清晰准确的概括，为后续研究提供参考。研究表明，目前的研究区域覆盖面广泛，采样对象特征呈现多样化趋势，其中西部地区占比较大，反映了学术界对西部欠发达地区生态健康的密切关注。“3S”技术作为主要的数据获取手段，为现有研究提供了详实的数据资料。根据数据进行土地利用变化分析是生态风险评估的基础，目前以描述性分析方法为主，较少使用预测模型。生态风险计算方法以国际传统生态风险评价理论和景观生态学理论为主要理论依据，其中基于后者的ERI方法可以进行深入的生态风险时空分析，近年来逐渐成为主流方法。综合来看，由于部分贫困地区数据采集技术普及程度有限，为响应和支持国家乡村振兴、精准扶贫等战略，后续可适当增加对经济欠发达农村地区和山区的研究数据获取。定量研究方式虽然能在一定程度上反映研究区域的土地利用生态风险状态，但其背后复杂的驱动因素仍需更多的研究投入，为减少评价过程中研究者主观经验的干扰，未来可适当引入不确定性分析。     

Making Room for the River

Abstract

Problem, research strategy, and findings: In this study we analyze plan integration for flood resilience in the city of Nijmegen, the site of the largest Room for the River project in The Netherlands. Little is known about the degree to which local and regional plans are coordinated with the national Room for the River program or about the cumulative influence of plans on flood vulnerability. To effectively investigate these issues, we use and build upon the Plan Integration for Resilience Scorecard (PIRS) concept and method, which analyzes the consistency and effects of networks of plans on community vulnerability. We expand the scope to include plans from multiple administrative scales and the focus to include environmental vulnerability. Using a three-phase evaluation process, we demonstrate that Room for the River policies are well integrated in Nijmegen’s network of plans, particularly with respect to flood safety and natural protection. However, we also find that policies at different administrative scales lack consistency in some places, some socially vulnerable neighborhoods receive comparatively little policy attention, and local plans often prioritize development over flood resilience, though higher tier plans sometimes make up for these policy gaps. Flood resilience is still finding its way in the Dutch planning system.

Takeaway for practice: The PIRS offers planning practitioners a method to assess how networks of plans influence community vulnerability and, as demonstrated in this analysis, to determine the degree to which plans at multiple administrative scales target the most physically, socially, and environmentally vulnerable geographic areas. It can be used to support the ambitious goals of a program like Room for the River and align them with local development priorities.     

矿业用地股份合作制：法律机理与实现路径

矿业用地股份合作社是我国土地股份合作社的一种特殊类型。与矿业用地征收以及临时用地等相比较，其具有减少交易成本、促进负外部性内部化，以及有利于农民分享土地增值收益等优势。矿业用地股份合作制具有复合型的企业产权结构，是以产权联合为基础的成员联合，在企业内部治理结构中，须采用双重决策机制，从而兼顾企业的决策效率和维护企业的人合性特征。在企业盈余分配中，一方面要发挥资本在企业中的主导作用，另一方面也要兼顾现阶段农地所承担的社会保障功能的发挥。由于矿业用地的负外部性，国家在矿业企业设立过程中，应该对矿业用地行为进行公法规制，从而为矿业用地股份合作社提供长效发展机制。     

Inverse Planning in the Cracks of Formal Land Use Regulation: The Bottom-Up Regularisation of Informal Settlements in Maputo,Mozambique

This paper focuses on a case of ‘non-public planning’ in an informal neighbourhood of Maputo, Mozambique. Here, several residents undertook some planning duties (e.g. drawing up a detailed plan) in order to regularise their informal dwellings in lieu of the Municipality, due to its inertia. This was an attempt to deal with the shortcomings of urban planning in Maputo, not by flouting the system, but by remoulding it and creating a sort of alternative formality. The detailed analysis of this case is an opportunity for critical reflection on the risks, potentialities and inherent limits of such a form of non-public planning in Mozambique, which we label ‘inverse planning’.