Soil organic carbon management for sustainable land use in Sudano-Sahelian West Africa

Judged by their negative nutrient balances, low soil cover and low productivity, the predominant agro-pastoral farming systems in the Sudano-Sahelian zone of West Africa are highly unsustainable for crop production intensification. With kaolinite as the main clay type, the cation exchange capacity of the soils in this region, often less than 1 cmol_c kg⁻¹soil, depends heavily on the organic carbon (Corg) content. However, due to low carbon sequestration and to the microbe, termite and temperature-induced rapid turnover rates of organic material in the present land-use systems, Corg contents of the topsoil are very low, ranging between 1 and 8 g kg⁻¹ in most soils. For sustainable food production, the availability of phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) has to be increased considerably in combination with an improvement in soil physical properties. Therefore, the adoption of innovative management options that help to stop or even reverse the decline in Corg typically observed after cultivating bush or rangeland is of utmost importance. To maintain food production for a rapidly growing population, targeted applications of mineral fertilisers and the effective recycling of organic amendments as crop residues and manure are essential. Any increase in soil cover has large effects in reducing topsoil erosion by wind and water and favours the accumulation of wind-blown dust high in bases which in turn improves P availability. In the future decision support systems, based on GIS, modelling and simulation should be used to combine (i) available fertiliser response data from on-station and on-farm research, (ii) results on soil productivity restoration with the application of mineral and organic amendments and (iii) our present understanding of the cause-effect relationships governing the prevailing soil degradation processes. This will help to predict the effectiveness of regionally differentiated soil fertility management approaches to maintain or even increase soil Corg levels. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

高密度增强硬质聚氨酯泡沫塑料的复合泡体结构

通过对高密度玻璃纤维增强硬质聚氨酯泡沫塑料（RRPUF）的断裂面形态观察,发现RRPUF含有多种形态的泡孔,是一种泡孔之间相互连结、贯穿的复合泡体结构。研究结果发现,密度分别为0．11、0．31及0．51g/cm^3RRPUF的泡体结构大致相同,都是复合泡体结构,但随密度增大,泡孔形状更趋于球体,泡孔尺寸分布范围变窄,平均尺寸减小。还计算了RRPUF的气体体积含量与密度及纤维之间的关系,发现其主要与泡体密度有关。此外,还初步探讨了复合泡体结构的形成机理,指出发泡剂和热分布不均是产生复合泡体结构的主要因素。     

真菌细胞壁结构性多糖与丙烯酸接枝共聚反应研究

Acrylic acid was graft-copolymerized onto Rhi. oryzae's cell wall structural polysaccharide directly and efficiently in aqueous solution with ceric ammonium nitrate as initiator. The maximal grafting percentage of 135.5% was obtained under the condition of [Ce4 ]=5mmol·L-1, [AA]=1 mol·L-1, T=60℃ and t=3h. Graft copolymerization was suggested to proceed through free radical reaction mechanism. Grafting occurred primarily on chitosan. Acrylic acid was also attempted to be grafted onto Asp. niger cell wall structural polysaccharide, and only 44.2% of grafting percentage was resulted.     

Experimental detection of bubble-wall interactions in a vertical gas-liquid flow

Bubble motions and bubble-wall interactions in stagnant liquid were experimentally investigated by high-speed CCD and PIV technique with the main feature parameters such as E(o)tv(o)s numbers Eo =0.98-1.10,Morton number Mo =3.21 × 10-9 and Reynolds numbers Re =180 ～ 190.The effect of bubble injecting frequency and the distance S between the gas injection nozzle and the wall on the statistical trajectory of bubbles,average velocity distribution of flow field and Reynolds shear stress were studied in detail.It was shown that the combination of bubble injecting frequency and the distance S caused different bubble motion forms and hydrodynamic characteristics.When the normalized initial distance was very little,like S* ≈ 1.2 (here S* =2S/de,and de is the bubble equivalent diameter),bubbles ascended in a zigzag trajectory with alternant structure of high and low speed flow field around the bubbles,and the distribution of positive and negative Reynolds shear stress looked like a blob.With the increase of distance S*,bubbles' trajectory would tend to be smooth and straight from the zigzag curve.Meanwhile,with the increase of bubble injecting frequency,the camber of bubble trajectory at 20 ＜ y ＜ 60 mm had a slight increase due to the inhibitory effect from the vertical wall.Under larger spacing,such as S* ≈ 3.6,the low-frequency bubbles gradually moved away from the vertical plane wall in a straight trajectory and the high-frequency bubbles gradually moved close to the vertical wall in a similar straight trajectory after an unstable camber motion.Under the circumstances,high-speed fluid was mainly distributed in the region between the wall and the bubbles,while the relative large Reynolds shear stress mainly existed in the region far away from the wall.     

全FRP筋混凝土梁斜截面承载力研究进展

纤维增强复合材料(FRP)作为混凝土结构的新型高性能增强材料,受到了国内外土木工程界的广泛关注。全FRP筋混凝土梁斜截面受剪承载力的计算需要考虑FRP纵筋和FRP箍筋的特殊影响。在大量试验研究的基础上,各国规范均提出了全FRP筋混凝土梁斜截面承载力的计算公式,其中包括中国规范(GB 50608—2010)、日本规范(JSCE 1997)、英国规范(BISE 1999)、意大利规范(CNR-DT 203/2006)、美国规范(ACI 440.1R-06)、加拿大规范(CSA.S 806-12)。用这6种规范所提供的计算模型分别计算33根试验梁的斜截面承载力,并与试验结果作对比,以此评价这些方法的可靠性。     

BFRP筋与玄武岩纤维再生混凝土粘结性能

为了研究玄武岩纤维再生混凝土与BFRP筋的粘结性能,通过42个试件的中心拉拔试验,研究再生粗骨料取代率、BFRP筋的直径以及筋材的表面特征对其的影响。试验结果表明:随着再生骨料取代率的增加,峰值极限粘结应力逐渐降低,峰值滑移量呈现先减小后增大的趋势;随着BFRP筋直径的增大,粘结应力逐渐增大,与峰值粘结应力对应的峰值滑移量逐渐增大,但整体的变化范围很小;筋材的表面状况对玄武岩纤维再生混凝土与BFRP筋的粘结性能影响很大。分别采用改进BPE模型、CMR模型及连续曲线模型的计算值与实验值比较分析其极限粘结应力,依据试验结果采用非线性回归分析得出粘结-滑移本构关系模型,该模型的计算值与实验值吻合较好。     

In situ fibre‐reinforced composite films of poly(lactic acid)/low‐density polyethylene blends: effects of composition on morphology,transport and mechanical properties

This study aimed to investigate the effects of blend composition on packaging‐related properties of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and low density polyethylene (LDPE) blown films. Blend films with PLA contents of 5–20 wt% were produced and compared. Scanning electron micrographs of cross‐sectional cryofractured surfaces of the blend films revealed that in situ fibre‐reinforced composites were obtained. Viscosity ratio of the polymer components of ca 1 confirmed that fibre formation was favourable for this blend system. PLA microdomains were dispersed throughout the film in forms of long fibres (length‐to‐diameter ratio > 100) and ribbons. The number of fibres and ribbons increased with an increase of PLA content. Critical content of PLA was found to be 20 wt% for effective improvement of both moduli and gas barrier properties. Incorporation of poly[ethylene‐co‐(methyl acrylate)] compatibilizer showed minimal effect on PLA structure. However, it did improve moduli and O₂ barrier properties when sufficient amount (1.5 pph) was used in 10 wt% PLA/LDPE. In short, flow behaviour, ratio of polymer components and degree of compatibility together played intricate roles in the morphology and hence mechanical and transport properties of PLA/LDPE immiscible blends. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry     

玻璃纤维毡增强聚丙烯复合薄板的热冲压成形

通过ABAQUS有限元模拟及热冲压成形实验,研究了不同温度下玻璃纤维毡增强聚丙烯复合材料(GMT–PP)的冲压成形性。结果表明,在可成形范围内,温度越高,可成形的深度越大,所需要的冲压力越小,越有利于材料成形,在测试的范围内,GMT–PP的适宜成形温度为160,200℃;结合冲压成形实验的结果与模拟结果可得出,冲压成形时最容易出现损伤和断裂的部分为冲压件底部;冲压成形实验的曲线与模拟曲线的变化趋势基本吻合,实验中冲压压力的大小与模拟值的大小在误差允许范围内保持一致,验证了所选黏弹性本构模型的合理性,为类似材料的成形研究提供参考。     

纤维张力及均匀性对输电导线复合芯性能影响

讨论了碳纤维复合芯拉挤工艺中纤维张力及张力均匀性对复合芯强度及成本的影响。试验利用纤维张力计测定碳纤维复合芯拉挤生产过程中的纤维张力,研究了不同张力条件下碳纤维复合芯抗拉强度、卷绕性能与张力关系,同时通过控制纤维张力的均匀性研究纤维张力均匀性与复合芯径向耐压强度的关系。试验结果表明,纤维张力的大小及均匀性对拉挤复合芯棒综合性能具有明显的影响,复合芯拉伸强度随着纤维张力的增加逐渐增加,当张力控制在0.6%纤维强力时为最佳制备工艺;纤维张力的均匀性提高,且复合芯棒的径向耐压性能提高。通过控制纤维张力可以相应减少碳纤维原材料用量,达到降低碳纤维复合芯成本的目的,有利于碳纤维复合芯导线的大规模推广应用。     

莠灭净在不同土壤中的吸附行为研究

采用振荡平衡法分别对莠灭净在不同甘蔗种植区土壤中的吸附特性进行了比较研究。结果表明,莠灭净在四地土壤中的吸附等温曲线符合Freundlich方程,广西来宾、广西扶绥、广西武鸣蔗土对莠灭净的吸附等温线呈S型,安徽萧县蔗土吸附等温线呈L型,吸附常数分别为4.85,4.00,2.87,0.77。莠灭净难以被土壤吸附,吸附能力与土壤有机质质量分数呈正相关。四地土壤对莠灭净吸附能力依次为广西来宾、广西扶绥、广西武鸣、安徽萧县。