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201.
Distortion as a result of the quenching process is predominantly due to the thermal gradient and phase transformations within
the component. Compared with traditional liquid quenching, the thermal boundary conditions during gas quenching are relatively
simple to control. By adjusting the gas-quenching furnace pressure, the flow speed, or the spray nozzle configuration, the
heat-transfer coefficients can be designed in terms of both the component geometry and the quenching time. The purpose of
this research is to apply the optimization methodology to design the gas-quenching process. The design objective is to minimize
the distortion caused by quenching. Constraints on the average surface hardness, and its distribution and residual stress
are imposed. The heat-transfer coefficients are used as design variables. DEFORM-HT is used to predict material response during
quenching. The response surface method is used to obtain the analytical models of the objective function and constraints in
terms of the design variables. Once the response surfaces of the objective and constraints are obtained, they are used to
search for the optimum heat-transfer coefficients. This process is then used instead of the finite-element analysis. A one-gear
blank case study is used to demonstrate the optimization scheme. 相似文献
202.
划痕法测Ni—P合金镀层结合力的研究 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
本文用划痕法测定了Ni-P合金镀层的结合力;观察了划痕侧面镀层的失效形式;分析了三种评定结合力的参数。结果指出,临界载荷L_C、平均应力σ_A用于评定Ni-P镀层的结合力是有条件的,而B-W公式存在的问题更多。 相似文献
203.
204.
Due to the growing importance of width control in strip and plate mills, edge rolling is currently an im-portant process in
hot rolling mills. Research in edge rolling has been carried out, and in the present ar-ticle, models for roll force, torque,
and lever arm coefficient are derived using the upper bound method. A simple, kinematically admissible deformation zone and
velocity field, independent of friction in the roll gap, is proposed, and the energy dissipation rate is derived. The formula
for energy dissipation rate has, in practice, no limitation because all edge rolling geometries are safely in the area where
the formula is valid. Roll force and torque are derived by means of two independent integrals. Thus, the lever arm coef-ficient
is evaluated from the expressions for roll force and torque using conventional rolling theory. Roll-ing trials report good
agreement with theory. Measured roll forces are similar to calculated forces. Furthermore, the shape of the dogbone that arises
during edge rolling is in fairly good agreement with the calculated dogbone shape. Deviations are due to the deviation from
ideally plastic material in the ex-periments. Also, the strain distribution over the dogbone is similar to the proposed deformation
zone. Thus, a new formula has been developed to a stage that it can be implemented in width control systems for edge rolling
stands in hot strip and plate mills. 相似文献
205.
Cutting force estimation in sculptured surface milling 总被引:10,自引:5,他引:10
A. Lamikiz L. N. Lpez de Lacalle J. A. Snchez M. A. Salgado 《International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture》2004,44(14):1511-1526
Cutting force milling models developed up to now are mostly used for planar milling using end-mills. Only a reduced number of models applying ball-end mills have been developed. Furthermore these models usually only consider horizontal surface machining, even though the main application of ball-end mills is sculptured surface machining. This article proposes a model that is able to estimate the cutting forces in inclined surfaces machined both up-milling and down-milling. For this purpose a semi-mechanistic model has been developed that calculates the cutting forces based on a set of coefficients which depend on the material, the tool, the cutting conditions, the machining direction and the slope of the surface.A coordinate transformation has been included in order to consider the slope milling case with different cutting directions.The model has been tested on two materials, an aluminum alloy Al7075-T6 and a 52 HRC tool steel AISI H13. Validation tests have been carried out on inclined planes using different slopes and different machining directions.The results provide errors below 10% in most of the cases and both the value and shape of the predicted forces adjust the measured cutting force. 相似文献
206.
Due to complexities of draw-bead restraining force calculated according to theory and depending on sheet metal forming properties experiment testing system, a simplified method to calculate draw-bead restraining force is put forward by experimental method in cup-shaped drawing process. The experimental results were compared with numerical results and proved agreement. It shows the method is effective. 相似文献
207.
L.Wang D.Xu B.C.CaiInformation Storage Research Center Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China Manuscript received September in revised form November 《金属学报(英文版)》2002,15(4):391-395
TiNi thin films were sputter-deposited on circular single-cry stal silicon substrates un-der various sputtering parameters. The crystal structure and residual stress of the as-deposited films were determined by X-ray diffraction and substrate-curvature method. The phenomenon of stress-suppressed martensitic transformation was observed. R is considered that the residual stresses in SMA thin films based on circular substrates act as balanced biaxial tensile stresses. The status of equilibrant delays the align-ment of self-accommodated variants and the volume shrinkage during the martensitic transformation. 相似文献
208.
XIE Changsheng SUN Peizhen ZHAO Jiansheng CHEN Yuqiu Huazhong University of Science Technology Wuhan China XIE Changsheng Associate Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering No. Huazhong University of Science Technology Wuhan China 《金属学报(英文版)》1990,3(1):52-57
The microstructures of Fe-Mn-Ni-Cr steels with medium carbon and the effect of alloy ele-ments on them have been investigated by means of X-ray diffraction quantitative phase ana-lyses,metallography and hardness tests.The volume fraction of martensite in steels quenchedat 1100℃ can be expressed as:f_M~(1100)=162.643-15.482Mn-7.36Ni-4.286(Cr+Mo+V)Based on this expression,the quasi-equilibrium microstructure diagram has been obtained.Itis shown that the effect of Mn on the austenite stability is greater than that of Ni.The equiva-lent [Ni]=2.104Mn+Ni and equivalent [Cr]=Cr+Mo+V.The driving force for martensite transformation at M_s point has been calculated to hedrastically decreased by element Mn. 相似文献
209.
本文利用X射线定量相分析及金相观察和硬度测试,考察了中碳Fe-Mn-Ni-Cr钢的组织及合金元素的作用。建立了经1100℃淬火后的马氏体体积分数与合金成分的定量关系式; f_M~(1100)=162.643-15.482Mn-7.36Ni-4.286(Cr+Mo+V)并在此基础上给出了亚平衡组织图。结果表明,Mn稳定奥氏体的作用大于Ni的作用。Ni和Cr当量分别以[Ni]=2.104Mn+Ni,[Cr]=Cr+Mo+V表示。计算了M_S点处的马氏体相变驱动力,指出Mn具有强烈降低相变驱动力的作用。 相似文献
210.
利用扫描电镜对胫骨的微结构进行观察,结果显示胫骨是一种由羟基磷灰石和胶原蛋白组成的生物层状陶瓷复合材料,其增强相羟基磷灰石在骨中占较大比例,并平行于骨的表面以层状的形式排列。观察也显示这些羟基磷灰石层又是由许多羟基磷灰石片所组成,这些羟基磷灰石片具有长而薄的形状,也以平行的方式整齐排列。基于在胫骨中观察到的羟基磷灰石片的微结构特征,通过微结构模型分析及实验,研究了这种微结构的最大拔出力。结果表明:羟基磷灰石片长而薄的形状以及层状排列方式增加了其最大拔出力,进而提高了骨的断裂韧性。 相似文献