Experimental study on temperature stress calculation and temperature control optimization of concrete based on early age parameters

Temperature control curve is the key to achieving temperature control and crack prevention of high concrete dam during construction,and its rationality depends on the accurate measurement of temperature stress.With the simulation testing machine for the temperature stress,in the present study,we carried out the deformation process tests of concrete under three temperature curves：convex,straight and concave.Besides,we not only measured the early-age elastic modulus,creep parameters and stress process,but also proposed the preferred type.The results show that at early age,higher temperature always leads to greater elastic modulus and smaller creep.However,the traditional indoor experiments have underestimated the elastic modulus and creep development at early age,which makes the calculated value of temperature stress too small,thus increasing the cracking risk.In this study,the stress values of the three curves calculated based on the strain and early-age parameters are in good agreement with the temperature stress measured by the temperature stress testing machine,which verifies the method accuracy.When the temperature changes along the concave curve,the law of stress development is in consistent with that of strength.Under this condition,the stress fluctuation is small and the crack prevention safety of the concave type is higher,so the concave type is better.The test results provide a reliable basis and support for temperature control curve design and optimization of concrete dams.     

Simulation of Fatigue Stiffness Degradation in Prestressed Concrete Beams under Cyclic Loading

In order to investigate and research the fatigue cracking of prestressed concrete fatigue properties and loading and stiffness degeneration process,cyclic loading tests were carried out on six prestressed concrete beams and the stiffness degradation under fatigue was investigated. A simulation model of stiffness degradation is proposed based on the stiffness analysis of the fatigue-damaged section. The elastic modulus of damaged concrete and the effective residual area of steel were introduced as well as an adjusted three-stage concrete fatigue damage evolution model. The strip method was used to analyze concrete damage due to changing stress along the depth of the beam section. The simulation and test results were compared and a method of predicting fatigue deflection was presented based on the simulation model. The predicted results were compared with that of the neural network method. It is in good agreement for the simulation results with the test results. It is only less than 5% error for the simulation model which can reveal the two-stage degradation of prestressed concrete beams under cyclic loading. It is more precise for the simulation prediction method under proper conditions.     

Stay with the flow: How macroinvertebrate communities recover during the rewetting phase in Alpine streams affected by an exceptional drought

Droughts are affecting an increasing number of lotic ecosystems worldwide due to the combined effects of climatic and anthropogenic pressures. Unlike naturally intermittent rivers, where the drying phase is a part of the annual flow regime, water scarcity in Alpine rivers represents a relatively recent phenomenon and, therefore, a major threat for the biodiversity of these lotic ecosystems. However, Alpine stream community response to drought is still poorly investigated. Here, we assess the recovery of macroinvertebrates in two Alpine streams after a supraseasonal drought. As water returned, a total of 10 sampling sessions were carried out, and temporal patterns in diversity, density, and taxonomic composition of benthic communities, as well as in the percentage of functional feeding groups, were investigated. We found that the resistance of invertebrate communities in Alpine streams is generally low: drought markedly reduced the diversity and density of macroinvertebrates. Conversely, our results suggest that the passive dispersal by drift from the upstream river sections seems the most probable mechanism promoting the post‐drought recovery. Nevertheless, this resilience ability appears to be stream specific and influenced by intrinsic stream characteristics, including the flow permanence and distance from the nearest upstream perennial reach. This work sheds light on the ecological consequences of droughts on macroinvertebrate communities. As flow intermittency in Alpine areas is expected to intensify under current global change scenarios, results of this study provide important information to predict changes in the taxonomic composition and diversity of macroinvertebrate communities.     

基于SVM的PC刚构桥施工期时变可靠度

为了研究早龄期混凝土材料时变性能,通过现场24组主梁同步养生试块力学试验结果,得到了早龄期混凝土弹性模量的时变规律.基于支持向量机(support vector machine,SVM)建立了施工期预应力混凝土(prestressed concrete,PC)刚构桥标高控制可靠度模型,结合蒙特卡洛法计算了PC刚构桥标高控制可靠指标.结果表明:主桥同样状态下,混凝土弹性模量与龄期之间的关系呈现幂函数关系,PC刚构桥中悬臂阶段与最大悬臂阶段应以不同的自由端挠度偏差容许值控制,中悬臂阶段自由端挠度偏差容许值最大不高于4 mm,最大悬臂阶段自由端挠度偏差容许值最大不高于20 mm.     

整体砌石重力坝运行期温度作用效应

重力坝因设置温度伸缩缝及体型较厚不需要考虑温度作用,而拱坝因不设永久性伸缩缝及体型较薄需要考虑温度作用.整体砌石重力坝由于其结构、施工和材料的特殊性,使它的特性介于重力坝和拱坝之间,存在能不能忽略温度作用效应的问题,这方面的研究较少,在规范中也未具体说明.基于此,运用拱坝温度荷载的计算方法以及等效模量法,对川南地区的狸狐洞整体式砌石重力坝工程实例进行有限元分析,分别探讨了温度场和温度应力场的数值大小和分布,得出了一般整体式砌石重力坝在运行期温度作用下的温度场和温度应力的规律,表明整体砌石重力坝运行期的温度作用效应较大.     

纳米晶Li7Si3合金的制备与性能表征

为研究纳米结构锂电池阳极材料的特性,试制了纳米晶Li-Si合金.采用优化的纳米晶合金块体材料制备工艺,即熔炼制备粗晶Li7Si3合金铸锭、高能球磨得到Li7Si3非晶粉末,结合放电等离子烧结(spark plasma sintering,SPS)制备得到了纳米晶Li7Si3合金,并对其进行了Rietveld结构精修和杨氏模量测定.结果表明:纳米晶Li7Si3单胞结构参数为a=b=0.4452 nm(比粗晶增加0.38%),c=1.8239 nm(比粗晶增加0.58%),单胞体积Vo=0.313 070nm3(比粗晶增加1.35%).利用纳米压痕法测定纳米晶Li7Si3合金的杨氏模量为(30.6±2.4)GPa.     

饱和粘土中球孔扩张问题弹塑性解析

为了研究静力触探试验及沉桩扩孔等工程问题,基于修正剑桥模型,推导了不排水条件下球孔扩张问题的半解析解。将扩张球孔周围土体分为临界状态区、塑性区以及弹性区三个区域。弹性区内,利用弹性理论得到应力和孔隙水压力的解答;临界状态区及塑性区内,利用相关联的流动法则、拉格朗日分析法建立了关于应力的一阶非线性常微分方程组,以弹塑性界面处的应力分量作为初值,求解微分方程组可得到应力和孔隙水压力的解答。研究结果表明：各向同性超固结比对扩孔压力、土体应力、超孔隙水压力以及塑性区范围均具有显著影响,且扩孔过程中土体剪切模量并非常量,其随扩孔半径、各向同性超固结比的变化而变化;同时通过与已有解答进行比较,对本文方法的可靠性进行了验证。     

固化淤泥土压缩性试验研究

淤泥由于含水率高强度低,无法直接作为工程用土。对淤泥进行固化处理,可以实现废弃淤泥的资源化利用。选择常州市武进区废弃淤泥作为研究对象,利用42.5普通硅酸盐水泥作为固化添加剂,通过固化淤泥的单向压缩试验,探讨4种水泥参量变化条件下共24个试样的压缩变化机理,描述水泥添加量对压缩模量的影响,分析其影响规律。通过试验对比分析,可知：同一含水率下,淤泥随着水泥参量的增加,试样压缩性减小;各试样在压缩试验过程中,其压缩变形规律基本一致,荷载达到200kPa时,其压缩性趋于稳定;随着固结压力的不断增加,沉降变形量逐渐减缓,最后趋于收敛;随着水泥参量的增加,同一应力条件下,试样稳定需要的时间缩短;淤泥固化效果在水泥参量接近50%时较优,超过此数值,强度虽提高,固化工作经济效益降低。     

Comparative analysis of different methods for image enhancement

Image enhancement technology plays a very important role to improve image quality in image processing. By enhancing some information and restraining other information selectively, it can improve image visual effect. The objective of this work is to implement the image enhancement to gray scale images using different techniques. After the fundamental methods of image enhancement processing are demonstrated, image enhancement algorithms based on space and frequency domains are systematically investigated and compared. The advantage and defect of the above-mentioned algorithms are analyzed. The algorithms of wavelet based image enhancement are also deduced and generalized. Wavelet transform modulus maxima（WTMM） is a method for detecting the fractal dimension of a signal, it is well used for image enhancement. The image techniques are compared by using the mean（μ）,standard deviation（？）, mean square error（MSE） and PSNR（peak signal to noise ratio）. A group of experimental results demonstrate that the image enhancement algorithm based on wavelet transform is effective for image de-noising and enhancement. Wavelet transform modulus maxima method is one of the best methods for image enhancement.     

不同体育锻炼项目对大学生心理韧性的影响

采用问卷法对承德某高校学生进行调查,对选修不同体育锻炼项目课程学生的心理韧性情况进行统计分析,结果表明：选修篮球、足球、现代舞项目学生的心理韧性要显著优于选修太极项目的学生;选修对抗性项目学生在心理韧性显著优于非对抗性项目;课余锻炼量较大的学生心理韧性最好。