ROV扭矩工具系统研制与应用

ROV扭矩工具(TT)是深水水下油气田开发过程中使用的水下机器人(ROV)作业装备。ROV扭矩工具系统是以ROV为核心,包括扭矩工具本体和控制系统,其结构尺寸和工作能力与工作效率是影响水下作业的便利性与作业成本的关键因素。依托南海某气田水下生产系统,参考ISO13628-8等规范,设计出具有多尺寸自适应接口、牙嵌离合换挡结构和锁紧机构的扭矩工具及其控制系统。采用有限元分析软件对扭矩工具关键部件进行仿真分析。完成了扭矩工具的样机研制并进行测试。测试结果表明：水下ROV扭矩工具的锁紧、解锁功能,换挡功能,马达闭环控制功能均可实现,技术参数满足设计要求。研究成果对ROV扭矩工具及其控制系统的技术发展和产品开发均有借鉴意义。     

基于正交试验的气密特殊螺纹油管接头密封性能研究

开发深海油气需要钻探大量超深井、大位移井,井下油管需要承受水下复合载荷的综合作用,这对气密特殊螺纹油管接头的密封性能提出挑战。以?99.25 mm×6.45 mm气密油管特殊螺纹接头为研究对象,以密封面最大接触压力为考核指标,依据ISO 13679标准A系试验载荷包络线对正交优化试验结果进行密封性能分析。分析结果表明：密封面最大接触压力影响因素敏感性由大至小的顺序为：密封面角度>扭矩台肩角度>螺纹承载面角度>螺纹锥度>螺纹螺距;气密特殊螺纹油管接头参数最优组合为密封面角度10°、扭矩台肩角度-12°、螺纹承载面角度12°、螺纹锥度1∶18、螺纹螺距4.8 mm;优组后油管接头在ISO 13679标准A系试验载荷下各加载点密封性能良好。所得结果对气密特殊螺纹油管结构的进一步优化设计具有指导意义。     

近钻头旋扭冲击器结构设计与试验

PDC钻头在深井高硬度、研磨性较强的地层钻进时会出现蹩钻、跳钻现象,从而导致钻头机械钻速低、进尺少、经济效益差等问题。为提高钻头机械钻速,克服深井高硬地层普遍存在的粘滑现象,开展了近钻头旋扭冲击器设计研究工作。结合流体力学对工具进行结构优化设计,通过建立三维模型,运用模拟软件对工具结构流场进行有限元仿真分析,确定了工具结构参数。试制样机开展室内及现场的性能测试,样机各项功能正常,达到设计指标,满足现场应用要求。可为后期现场应用及工具的进一步优化改进提供借鉴。     

基于ARID控制系统的固定式海洋风机纵摇控制

针对固定式海洋风机在随机风浪载荷及其联合作用下产生的具有倒立摆运动特征的纵摇,研究采用主动转动惯量驱动系统(Active Rotary Inertia Driver, ARID)对海洋风机纵摇进行控制的问题。ARID控制系统通过伺服电机驱动转动惯性质量产生控制结构摆动的最优力矩,从而减小海洋风机的纵摇运动。基于拉格朗日原理建立海洋风机-ARID控制系统的理论分析模型;采用Simulink对海洋风机-ARID控制系统的有效性进行验证,并分析系统参数(控制算法参数、转动惯量比等)对控制效果的影响规律;设计海洋风机-ARID控制系统的振动台试验,设置多种载荷激励形式,验证控制系统的稳定性与广谱有效性。数值模拟和试验结果均验证了所建立的分析模型的正确性,表明ARID控制系统对风机的纵摇运动具有显著的控制作用,为ARID控制系统在具有倒立摆运动规律的工程结构中的应用奠定理论基础。     

■241.3 mm井眼等井径膨胀管封堵技术研究与评价

等井径膨胀管可作为临时套管为深部复杂地层构建临时井壁,实现复杂地层无内径损失的机械封堵作业,封堵后仍保持原有井身结构,为深井安全穿越复杂地层提供一种新的技术方案。文章在介绍等井径膨胀管系统的结构设计和技术原理基础上,重点从膨胀管材优选及应力分析、膨胀螺纹结构设计和变径膨胀锥优化设计三方面对系统关键技术进行研究,通过室内性能评价和全过程井下试验,验证了系统的功能和工艺的可行性。现场应用时,井下电视影像显示：等径膨胀后管体及螺纹仍具有良好的完整性和密封性,内径达245 mm,作为临时技术套管封堵地层,满足■241.3 mm钻头安全下入及钻井服役要求,为复杂地层等井径封堵应用奠定了基础。     

Investigation of thickness and wax content of wax deposits in polyethylene pipe using a flow loop

In this study, the thickness and wax content of wax deposits were found to be thinner and lower in the polyethylene (PE) pipe than in the stainless steel (SS) pipe using a flow loop apparatus. The diffusivity of wax, radial thermal gradient, and wax precipitation rate in the PE and SS pipes were calculated and compared. It was found the diffusivity of wax in the PE pipe was higher and tended to enhance the wax deposition in the PE pipe, while the radial thermal gradient and wax precipitation rate were lower in the PE pipe and had the opposite effects. These factors are shown to be comparable with each other and the effect of the thermal gradient dominates the mass flux of wax from bulk to the oil-deposit interface and into the deposits finally, thus causing differences in thickness and wax content of deposits between the PE and SS pipes.     

Effects of Al:Si and (Al + Na):Si ratios on the properties of the international simple glass,part II: Structure

High-alumina containing high-level waste (HLW) will be vitrified at the Waste Treatment Plant at the Hanford Site. The resulting glasses, high in alumina, will have distinct composition-structure-property (C-S-P) relationships compared to previously studied HLW glasses. These C-S-P relationships determine the processability and product durability of glasses and therefore must be understood. The main purpose of this study is to understand the detailed structural changes caused by Al:Si and (Al + Na):Si substitutions in a simplified nuclear waste model glass (ISG, international simple glass) by combining experimental structural characterizations and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The structures of these two series of glasses were characterized by neutron total scattering and ²⁷Al, ²³Na, ²⁹Si, and ¹¹B solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Additionally, MD simulations were used to generate atomistic structural models of the borosilicate glasses and simulation results were validated by the experimental structural data. Short-range (eg, bond distance, coordination number, etc) and medium-range (eg, oxygen speciation, network connectivity, polyhedral linkages) structural features of the borosilicate glasses were systematically investigated as a function of the degree of substitution. The results show that bond distance and coordination number of the cation-oxygen pairs are relatively insensitive to Al:Si and (Al + Na):Si substitutions with the exception of the B-O pair. Additionally, the Al:Si substitution results in an increase in tri-bridging oxygen species, whereas (Al + Na):Si substitution creates nonbridging oxygen species. Charge compensator preferences were found for Si-[NBO] (Na⁺), ^[3]B-[NBO] (Na⁺), ^[4]B (mostly Ca²⁺), ^[4]Al (nearly equally split Na⁺ and Ca²⁺), and ^[6]Zr (mostly Ca²⁺). The network former-BO-network former linkages preferences were also tabulated; Si-O-Al and Al-O-Al were preferred at the expense of lower Si-O-^[3]B and ^[3]B-O-^[3]B linkages. These results provide insights on the structural origins of property changes such as glass-transition temperature caused by the substitutions, providing a basis for future improvements of theoretical and computer simulation models.     

How the risk of failure in lifetime of tempered glass depends on the size of NiS inclusions and heat soak test duration

The probability of breakage in service lifetime of heat-tempered glass panes contaminated by nickel sulfide inclusions is estimated with a multiscale micromechanically motivated statistical theory, which considers the effects of the heat soak test (HST). Short and long HSTs differently affect the phase transformation of NiS of diverse chemical composition, whose increase in volume can break the glass. The main hypothesis, corroborated by experiments, is that there is a lower limit for the size of NiS stones below which no crack can be initiated from the volumetric expansion. The catastrophic propagation of nucleated fractures in the long term is modeled through a rescaled critical stress intensity factor, which accounts for the subcritical crack propagation and the slow phase transformation of NiS. A parametric analysis evidences how the failure probability is strongly affected by these parameters, depending on the holding time in the HST. Tailored experimental activity is suggested for the proper calibration of the model.     

Combined damaged elasticity and creep modeling of ceramics with wedge splitting tests

During the crack propagation in common refractory ceramics at high temperatures, creep may occur in the wake of a process zone and in front of a crack tip. To account for this phenomenon, an integrated material constitutive model was developed by combining the mechanical behavior following isotropic damaged elasticity concept and Norton-Bailey creep. The post peak fracture behavior followed the bilinear softening law and a simple criterion was defined to consider the creep asymmetricity in uniaxial tension and compression. The material constitutive model was applied to inversely identify mode I fracture parameters with wedge splitting tests of an alumina spinel material at 1200 °C. It showed that the mean ratio of the nominal notch tensile strength to the actual tensile strength was 1.93 and the mean pure fracture energy was 297.6 N/m. In addition, the creep contributed 12.9% on average into the total fracture energy.     

On the calibration of cohesive parameters for refractories from notch opening displacements in wedge splitting tests

Cohesive elements are commonly used to describe crack propagation in heterogeneous materials with toughening mechanisms. This work aims to provide a guideline on how these fracture parameters can be calibrated using notch opening displacements (NODs) measured via digital image correlation and force data from wedge splitting tests (WSTs). Weighted finite element model updating was applied to calibrate material and boundary condition parameters in the same framework. The influence of each parameter on force and NOD data are given together with uncertainties for the calibrated parameters. Numerical results were in very good agreement in terms of splitting force, NOD, displacement and gray level residual fields. It is shown that images obtained during WSTs focusing on the crack path (i.e., hiding the loading region) can be used to drive numerical simulations and obtain cohesive parameters.