High throughput research and evaporation rate modeling for solvent screening for ethylcellulose barrier membranes in pharmaceutical applications

Context: Ethylcellulose is commonly dissolved in a solvent or formed into an aqueous dispersion and sprayed onto various dosage forms to form a barrier membrane to provide controlled release in pharmaceutical formulations. Due to the variety of solvents utilized in the pharmaceutical industry and the importance solvent can play on film formation and film strength it is critical to understand how solvent can influence these parameters.

Objective: To systematically study a variety of solvent blends and how these solvent blends influence ethylcellulose film formation, physical and mechanical film properties and solution properties such as clarity and viscosity.

Materials and methods: Using high throughput capabilities and evaporation rate modeling, thirty-one different solvent blends composed of ethanol, isopropanol, acetone, methanol, and/or water were formulated, analyzed for viscosity and clarity, and narrowed down to four solvent blends. Brookfield viscosity, film casting, mechanical film testing and water permeation were also completed.

Results and discussion: High throughput analysis identified isopropanol/water, ethanol, ethanol/water and methanol/acetone/water as solvent blends with unique clarity and viscosity values. Evaporation rate modeling further rank ordered these candidates from excellent to poor interaction with ethylcellulose. Isopropanol/water was identified as the most suitable solvent blend for ethylcellulose due to azeotrope formation during evaporation, which resulted in a solvent-rich phase allowing the ethylcellulose polymer chains to remain maximally extended during film formation. Consequently, the highest clarity and most ductile films were formed.

Conclusion: Employing high throughput capabilities paired with evaporation rate modeling allowed strong predictions between solvent interaction with ethylcellulose and mechanical film properties.     

The experimental and numerical impacts of geometrical parameters of conical shock tube on the function,maximum pressure and generative impulses to expose equivalent mass and behavioral equation

One of the methods to investigate the phenomenon of explosion underwater and its impact on the structures is to use the conical shock tube. These tubes produce a lot of pressure using a tiny explosive charge. In this essay, the geometry of the established/manufactured explosive shock tube is demonstrated first and the results of the experiments operating the tube is presented. Then, the explosion of a given amount of explosive charge in the conical shock tube is studied by benefiting the LS‐DYNA code. The numerical simulation is done by Lagrange‐Oiler selected multi‐materials solutions. To ensure the authenticity of the selected method in the software, the results of the stimulated model is compared with the experimental outcomes accordingly, after accrediting the accuracy of the results, the stimulating and scrutinizing the effects of geometrical parameters on the function of explosive shock tubes is proceeded. In this research, the effect of the cone head angel on the produced pressure inside the shock tube is analyzed first. Then, the function of shock tubes with different lengths is checked. Moreover, after changing the scale of the explosive charge and studying the outcome, stating the reasons for changes in each parameter and examining the effect of the relation between the explosive proportion and the water volume inside the shock tube, an equation for the equivalent mass for all sock tubes with different angels is exhibited and the existing theoretical relation is revised. Finally, by examining the pressure and impulses changes in different intervals, an equation is presented to anticipate the pressure and impulses in different shock tubes.     

用于放疗量传的照射量、空气比释动能和水吸收剂量量值体系比较

用照射量和空气比释动能校准的电离室进行剂量测量时,依据IAEA TRS 277报告,需要经历四级量值转换过程,不确定度也较大,但目前仍是国内使用的量值体系.我国正在建立60Co γ射线以及高能光子下的水吸收剂量基准装置并进行国际比对,之后将拥有水吸收剂量的量值复现的能力.在60Co γ射线参考辐射场和加速器高能X射线辐射场下,使用NE2571和NE2570/1A、PTW TW30013和PTW UNIDOS两套电离室剂量仪,分别按照277和398报告的要求计算并比较2种方法计算出的水吸收剂量值,从而验证了277报告和398报告的一致性.     

两亲性共聚物P(MMA-co-AMPS)对聚偏氟乙烯超滤膜性能的影响

以2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸(AMPS)为亲水单体,甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)为疏水单体,偶氮二异丁腈(AIBN)为引发剂,采用自由基共聚合法制得了两亲性共聚物P(AMPS-co-MMA);以两亲性共聚物P(AMPS-co-MMA)与聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)共混,通过相转变法制备PVDF/P(MMA-co-AMPS)超滤膜。利用傅里叶变换红外光谱、热失重法表征无规共聚物的组成和热稳定性能。并通过扫描电子显微镜,傅里叶变换红外光谱、吸水率测试、表面润湿性测试,探讨了不同单体摩尔比对PVDF/P(MMA-co-AMPS)超滤膜的结构及性能的影响。结果表明,单体AMPS与MMA间发生自由基聚合生成两亲性共聚物P(AMPS-co-MMA)。PVDF/P(MMA-co-AMPS)超滤膜表面多孔,内部有大孔,存在相对致密皮层和多孔的支撑层。当2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸和甲基丙烯酸甲酯的摩尔比为2∶1时,PVDF/P(MMA-co-AMPS)超滤膜吸水率和表面润湿性能最好。     

全孔蓄水法在高温火区爆破中的应用

针对高温炮孔因裂隙多导致蓄不住水的情况,将内层带有不透水材料的套管快速下放到炮孔并在短时间内注满水,在套管中装有模拟药卷并采用热电偶测量套管中的水温变化。结果表明:全孔蓄水可使工业炸药与起爆器材长时间保持在最高温度不超过水浴温度的环境中,因此能大幅延长高温火区装药施工时间。探索出高温火区的全孔蓄水爆破方法,并通过爆区规模试验,效果良好,该方法能保证施工安全,同时基本解决高温火区较大规模爆破的问题。     

反渗透阻垢剂的合成、应用及机理研究进展

投加阻垢剂是解决反渗透(Reverse osmosis,RO)膜结垢问题简单有效的方法。综述了RO系统中阻垢剂的合成应用、阻垢特征、机理及存在问题。含磷类阻垢剂因导致水体磷污染已经基本被其它几类阻垢剂替代,绿色环保类阻垢剂在阻垢效果和可降解性方面均比聚合物类好。但任何阻垢剂单独使用都难于满足(RO)系统阻垢的实际需求,阻垢剂的复配可相互弥补单一阻垢剂的缺陷,同时发挥其协同效应,而阻垢剂的特征改性具有更强的针对性和适用性。因此,阻垢剂的复配和改性是其研究的趋势和重点。     

PuO2含量对MOX燃料组件物理特性的影响

当超临界水冷堆组件采用铀与钚的氧化物混合而成的MOX燃料时,与普通UO_2燃料相比其中子学特性存在差异。为了研究PuO_2含量对组件物理特性的影响,采用蒙特卡罗方法计算得到了不同PuO_2含量时MOX燃料物理特性参数,包括俘获裂变比、总微观裂变截面、燃料每次裂变平均释放的能量、每次裂变释放的中子数及有效裂变中子数。进一步得到了装载不同含量PuO_2时MOX燃料组件特性参数,包括能谱、Keff、相对功率、相对功率峰值和缓发中子份额。研究结果对MOX燃料组件的设计有一定参考价值。     

580 m长钢筋混凝土箱型拱桥爆破拆除

580 m长钢筋混凝拱桥需爆破拆除。大桥是钢筋混凝土建造,拱肋采用箱型截面的砼箱形拱桥,经多次加固,桥墩最大体积1200 m~3,桥面到墩角最高33 m,拱箱壁为薄壁结构。因传统钻爆方式无法有效破坏大桥结构,采用水压、深孔和浅孔爆破相结合的方式,将药包置于注满水的箱型拱肋内的设计位置上,以水作为传爆介质传播爆炸压力使拱肋破坏,从而达到破坏拱轴解除支撑的目的;对桥墩采用大孔径深孔,由桥面垂直钻孔一次性爆破解除;桥面、拱上结构等用浅孔爆破。大桥解体充分,空气冲击波、飞石及噪声等得到有效控制,也减少了后续出渣工作量。     

墨汁碳纳米粒增强壳聚糖复合膜的制备及性能研究

利用墨汁中碳纳米粒为增强体,以流延法制备墨汁/壳聚糖复合膜。采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对复合膜的结构进行了表征,研究不同的墨汁加入量对墨汁/壳聚糖复合膜力学、耐水以及光透过率等性能的影响。结果表明低含量墨汁中碳纳米粒可均匀分散在壳聚糖基体中。与纯壳聚糖膜相比,加入墨汁后的复合膜的力学性能和耐水性能得到了明显的提高。复合膜的光透过率随着复合膜中墨汁含量的增加急剧下降,具有非常优异的光阻隔性能。