Ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene/polypropylene/organo‐montmorillonite nanocomposites: Phase morphology,rheological, and mechanical properties

Phase morphology, rheological, and mechanical properties of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE)/PP/organo‐montmorillonite nanocomposites were investigated in this work. The results of TEM and XRD indicated that the organo‐montmorillonite PMM prepared with the complex intercalator [2‐methacryloyloxyethyldodecyldimethylammonium bromide/poly(ethylene glycol)] were exfoliated and dispersed into UHMWPE matrix, and the synergistic effect of the complex intercalator on the exfoliation and intercalation for montmorillonite occurred. Besides, the presence of PMM in UHMWPE matrix was found able to lead to a significant reduction of melt viscosity and enhancement in tensile strength and elongation at break of UHMWPE, except that izod‐notched impact strength was without much obvious change. The dispersed PMM particles exhibited a comparatively large two‐dimensional aspect ratio (L_clay/d_clay = 35.5), which played an important role in determining the enhancement of mechanical properties of UHMWPE nanocomposites. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007     

Morphology and mechanical properties of blends of thermoplastic polyurethane and polyolefins

Polyolefins (PO) were melt mixed with thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) in a 20 : 80 weight ratio with or without compatibilizer containing 0.5 wt % of maleic anhydride. Effects of component viscosities on morphology and on mechanical properties of the blend were studied by scanning electron microscope (SEM), tensile property analysis, and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). It was found that the disperse particle size of compatibilizer‐free blends decreased with the decreasing viscosity ratio of the disperse phase to TPU. The efficiency of the compatibilizer in reducing the particle size varied with viscosity ratios of the disperse phase to compatibilizer. However, the particle size did not decrease with the decreasing viscosity ratio monotonically. With lower viscosity ratio, addition of 5 wt % compatibilizer resulted in a greater reduction of particle size and less loss in the tensile properties as compared to the TPU matrix. For the polyethene (PE) that has the lowest viscosity value among all the POs, its size in the blend was stabilized with the addition of compatibilizer and no compatibilization was detected by DMA and by tensile property analysis. The mobility of the disperse phase and compatibilizer and the dispersion competition between them seemed important. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 875–883, 2006     

Foam processing of poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) rubber using supercritical carbon dioxide

Soft rubber foams like poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) (EVA) are industrially applied in a broad range of products, including sports gear, insulation materials and drug delivery systems. In contrast to glassy polymers, few studies in literature concern the foaming of soft rubbers using supercritical carbon dioxide. In this study, open microporous matrices of EVA have been formed with CO₂. Prior to the foam expansion, sorption and swelling isotherms of CO₂ in EVA have been measured and the obtained isotherms have been correlated using the Sanchez-Lacombe equation of state. Additionally, a pressure-independent diffusion coefficient of CO₂ in EVA has been obtained from these experiments. The microporous foams have been formed by a pressure quench of the CO₂-swollen polymer matrix. Sorption pressure as well as temperature and decompression times appear to determine the pore size and bulk density of the foam. These parameters allow for a control of the foam structure of EVA rubbers.     

Fabrication of polysulfone asymmetric hollow‐fiber membranes by coextrusion through a triple‐orifice spinneret

Polysulfone (PSf) asymmetric hollow‐fiber membranes, which have a dense outer layer but a loose inner layer, were tentatively fabricated by coextrusion through a triple‐orifice spinneret and a dry/wet‐phase inversion process. Two simple polymer dopes were tailored, respectively, for the dense outer layer and the porous inner layer according to the principles of the phase‐inversion process. By adjusting the ratio of the inner/outer extrusion rate, the hollow‐fiber membranes with various thicknesses of outer layers were achieved. The morphology of the hollow‐fiber membranes was exhibited and the processing conditions and the water permeability of the membrane were investigated. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 94: 259–266, 2004     

Maceral and rank influences on the morphology of coal char

Concentrates of vitrinite and inertinite macerals have been pyrolysed in a flame under conditions representative of the initial stages of pulverized coal combustion. Char was distinguished from soot by size analysis and the char yield correlated with the proximate analysis. The char morphology was studied by optical microscopy and quantitative measurements of porosity and pore size were made using image analysis. Vitrinite and inertinite produce chars of characteristic morphology. The softening behaviour of inertinite varies with coal rank and can be related to the optical reflectance. The porosity of vitrinite chars approaches that of inertinite chars at high rank.     

碳酸根含量对碳酸羟基磷灰石形貌和热处理的影响分析

采用沉淀法制备了两种不同碳酸根〈CO3^2-）含量的纳米碳酸羟基磷灰石（nanosized carbonated hydroxyapatite,CHA）,研究了碳酸根含量对CHA晶体形貌、烧结和热稳定性的影响,用X射线衍射和透射电镜表征了样品的物相组成与形貌．结果表明：随着碳酸根含量的减小,CHA晶粒尺寸和长径比增加;CHA坯体的烧结温度和粉体的热稳定性与初始的碳酸根含量有关,含量越高,烧结温度越低,热稳定性越差．     

氨气法制备氢氧化镁的研究

以硼镁肥精制液硫酸镁为原料,通过氨气法制备花瓣状氢氧化镁.研究搅拌速度、反应温度、氨气流量等因素对氢氧化镁粒径形貌的影响.采用X射线衍射仪（XRD）、扫描电镜（SEM）和激光粒度分布仪等对MH（Mg（OH）2）粉体的晶型、粒度、形貌进行表征.实验结果表明：在大流量氨气条件下,氨气流量为8 333 mL/min时,产品的表观粒径随合成温度的升高而减小.反应温度45℃,氨气流量80 mL/min时,氢氧化镁形貌一致,分散性良好,容易过滤,其产率在80.1%左右.     

硅基表面无形貌改变的硫酸／过氧化氢氧化清洗

提出了一种利用硫酸／过氧化氢溶液氧化清洗硅基的方法．硅片经超声预清洗后,放入硫酸／过氧化氢溶液中,80℃下氧化清洗其表面的污染物．通过接触角检测,表征了清洗前后硅基表面的亲水性变化．通过原子力显微镜（AFM）表征了经硫酸／过氧化氢溶液清洗后硅基的表面形貌．结果显示,经硫酸／过氧化氢溶液亲水化清洗30min后的硅基表面的接触角为7．3°,显示出很强的亲水性,其表面均方根粗糙度（RMS）仅为0．03nm．因此,硫酸／过氧化氢氧化清洗法是一种硅基表面无形貌改变的亲水化清洗方法．     

长江中游四大家鱼产卵场河段形态与水流特性研究

为了研究长江中游四大家鱼产卵所需的水流环境,采用数值模拟的方法对产卵河段的形态特征和水流特性进行了量化分析.通过统计和对比研究了4类产卵河段的能量坡降、水流流态、动能梯度、能量损失和弗劳德数等水力特性,分析了水力要素在典型断面上的分布特点.研究结果表明:四大家鱼产卵的河床形态比较特殊,能量坡降具有明显的2维特性;水流流态复杂多样;水流流经产卵河段后能量损失较大;河段横断面上的动能梯度和弗劳德数数值较小.以期为四大家鱼产卵场水流环境的保护提供理论基础和技术参考.     

酸性KMnO_4条件下芳纶纤维的表面改性研究

利用KMnO4在酸性的环境中具有氧化性的特性对芳纶纤维进行表面改性研究,分析其表面形貌、强力以及拉伸性能的变化;采用扫描电子显微镜观察处理前后芳纶纤维的表面形态特征;以夹角余弦幅度法确定权重;利用模糊正交法的理论与方法处理试验数据,得出模糊综合评价值.从而得出最佳实验指标为:硫酸质量分数10%,KMnO4质量浓度5 g/L,处理温度为30℃,处理时间35 min.