工艺参数对钼-铌合金单晶制备的影响

主要讨论了熔炼室真空度,钼-铌合金原料棒化学成分和尺寸规格,熔炼速度,搅拌速度等对单晶制备的影响。试验结果表明,熔炼室残余压力值低于3.0×10-2Pa时,区熔过程能稳定制备出钼-铌合金单晶。高温真空烧结钼-铌合金烧结条由于C、O等杂质含量过高,区域熔炼时放气严重,极大地破坏了熔炼室高真空而未能直接生长制备出单晶,但经两次电子束熔炼获得的Ф12mm￣Ф17mm原料棒C含量降为63×10-6,O含量仅为14×10-6,区熔时熔炼室真空度较高,能稳定地生长制备出Ф31mm×735mm的大尺寸钼-铌合金单晶,而直径超过Ф18mm或小于Ф11mm原料棒则未能获得钼-铌合金单晶。此外,熔炼速度和搅拌速度也是非常关键的工艺参数。本试验得出,原料棒在熔炼速度为0.4￣4.0mm/min,搅拌速度为1.0～20r/min的条件下能稳定制备出高质量钼-铌合金单晶。     

环形件惯性摩擦焊接过程塑性区演化的数值模拟研究

基于弹塑性有限元理论,采用特殊的摩擦模型描述工件的摩擦行为,建立了GH4169环形件惯性摩擦焊接过程的热力耦合模型。计算并分析了惯性摩擦焊接过程中接头塑性区的分布、扩展规律及其与工件轴向缩短的关系,并计算了塑性区金属塑性变形速率的分布和变化情况。对摩擦焊接过程中塑性区的分布规律做了定性的实验验证,塑性区分布的计算结果和实验结果吻合较好。     

Predicting Long‐Term Changes in Riparian Bird Communities in Floodplain Landscapes

As anthropogenic impacts on riverine ecosystems expand, both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems are influenced over large spatiotemporal scales. We predicted how riparian bird communities changed in response to long‐term changes in floodplain landscapes such as woodland expansion (i.e. rapid increases in vegetation cover on gravel bars and the progress of vegetation succession due to a decrease in the frequency and magnitude of flood disturbance). To test the hypothesis that woodland expansion after dam construction reduces the abundance of gravel bar‐nesting birds and increases the abundance of forest‐nesting birds, we estimated historical changes between past and present bird abundances using species distribution models across multiple rivers that were either unregulated or regulated by dams. We created past and present vegetation maps from remote sensing images and used habitat quantities as explanatory variables in the species distribution models. As we hypothesized, the estimated abundance of gravel bar‐nesting birds decreased and that of forest‐nesting birds increased because of woodland expansion in some regulated rivers. This suggests that anthropogenic alterations of riverine conditions (e.g. dam construction) can affect terrestrial ecosystems (e.g. riparian bird communities) through changes in floodplains (e.g. woodland expansion). In addition, our findings highlight the efficacy of combining spatial and temporal analyses when examining long‐term ecological dynamics. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于随机水质模型的水功能区COD超标风险分析

由于水环境系统中存在诸多不确定因素,建立在物理简化基础上的确定性水质模型并不能反映水质变化过程的不确定性。为了弥补确定性水质模型的局限性,本文根据随机微分方程理论,假设水质模型中的耗氧系数、沉降系数、复氧系数服从双侧截尾正态分布,建立了考虑随机效应的水质模型。将模型应用于COD超标风险分析,分别计算了不同水文、水质条件下COD浓度的概率分布。结果表明:当三道营来水COD浓度为16、17、18 mg/L时,超标概率为分别在0.3、0.6、0.8左右。     

足球机器人守门员防守策略研究

分析了足球机器人比赛中防守特点,提出了一种根据区域划分的防守策略算法。分析了可能遇到的几种情况,针对不同的现场局面形式,给出不同的防守策略。     

600 MW亚临界机组T91钢焊接接头失效分析

某电厂600 MW亚临界机组过热器管T91焊接接头泄漏,通过对开裂部位进行一系列试验分析,结果表明,该过热器管焊接工艺执行不严格,使焊缝和热影响区产生粗大淬硬马氏体组织,在多处应力作用下产生热影响区冷裂纹,扩展形成宏观开裂失效。     

A modified dynamic surface approach for control of nonlinear systems with unknown input dead zone

This paper focuses on the robust output precise tracking control problem of uncertain nonlinear systems in pure‐feedback form with unknown input dead zone. By designing an extended state observer, the states unmeasurable problem in traditional feedback control is solved, and the lumped uncertainty, which is caused by system unknown functions and input dead zone, is estimated. In order to apply separation principle, finite‐time extended state observer is designed to obtain system states and estimate the lumped uncertainty. Then, by introducing tracking differentiator, a modified dynamic surface control approach is developed to eliminate the ‘explosion of complexity’ problem and guarantee the tracking performance of system output. Because tracking differentiator is a fast precise signal filter, the closed‐loop control performance is significantly improved when it is used in dynamic surface control instead of first‐order filters. The L _∞ stability of the whole closed‐loop system, which guarantees both the transient and steady‐state performance, is shown by the Lyapunov method and initialization technique. Numerical and experiment examples are performed to illustrate our proposed control scheme with satisfactory results. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

抓住机遇迎接挑战 为保护美丽长江再谱新篇

当前长江流域水资源保护面临难得的机遇,如何推进长江水生态文明建设,打造水清地绿天蓝的生态廊道是长江水资源保护工作的重大课题。通过对长江水资源保护问题的梳理,规划了今后一段时期的总体构想,从规划体系、水功能区监管、水生态保护、应急管理和监测监控等5个方面探讨了下一步的工作重点;提出了长江干流、主要支流、三峡、丹江口和长江口以及重点湖泊的保护措施;通过健全法规体系、创新管理机制、强化能力建设等,以逐步提升长江水资源保护能力、健全长江水资源保护管理体系,为保护美丽长江再谱新篇。     

三峡库区宝塔坪滑坡形成机制研究

宝塔坪滑坡是三峡库区现有成因复杂的巨型老滑坡之一,长期以来,工程界对其形成机制一直有着不同的认识。通过详细的现场调查和对勘察资料的深入分析,基于滑坡形态和结构特征,进一步探讨了宝塔坪滑坡的形成机制和演化过程。研究发现：滑坡发育受控于巴东组三段泥灰岩内部及其与二段泥岩之间的层间错动带、坡体后部卸荷裂隙带和长江下切提供的高陡临空面。根据巴东组四段紫红色泥岩在滑坡区不同高程的分布和滑坡结构分析,滑坡形成及演化具有典型“多期活动,逐级牵引”模式。该滑坡共分3期活动历史,地质力学模式均为“临空面形成-卸荷裂隙带发育-泥化的层间错动带塑流沉陷-蠕滑拉裂-滑面贯通”。每期活动牵引后部坡体变形,进而重复前一期的变形破坏过程。     

考虑桩顶水平反力的水平受荷单桩弹塑性解析解

基于线性地基反力法和土体的弹塑性本构关系,对桩顶水平反力系数不为零时的水平受荷桩进行了研究,给出了桩顶土屈服临界荷载（水平力、弯矩）的耦合关系式。研究结果表明,当荷载大于临界荷载时,桩顶土发生塑性屈服,其塑性屈服深度随荷载的增加而增加,但其塑性区扩展速率随桩顶荷载的增加而逐渐减小。给出了弹性区与塑性区桩内力耦合的矩阵方程及其迭代求解格式;利用曲面拟合软件给出了塑性区换算深的计算公式。通过工程算例验证,证明该方法可靠快捷,便于手算,值得推广。 