江水源热泵尾水排放方式优选试验研究

为研究江水源热泵尾水在不同排放方式下对江河水域温升的影响,利用数字式温度传感器构建实时温度传感器网络,针对江水源热泵尾水淹没式、表面式和射流式3种排水方式及其在12种出流方式下江河水域的温升情况进行了模拟试验研究。对各种排放方式下的温升均值、温升方差、最高温升值、超温升均值点数等指标项采用加权平均法计算优选值,并结合三维温升图对试验结果进行了分析。结果表明,从整体上看射流式排放方式优于表面式和淹没式排放方式,双口出流方式优于单口出流方式,其中对河道水域温升影响最小的排放方式为表面式排水顺流双口出流方式。     

遥感技术应用于河流对城市气候影响研究

为了确定松花江水域冬夏季对哈尔滨市及周边区域的影响,给城市河流规划与合理利用提供正确的理论支持,采用地面数据采集与遥感数据采集相结合的方法,对2004年1月25日和6月1日的热红外遥感影像图进行分析,以流经哈尔滨市的松花江段为研究对象,根据冬夏季温度、相对湿度分布,确定松花江城市河道对周边区域的影响.研究结果表明:在夏季,市区温度较郊区温度低,水域两侧地表温度呈递增分布,且变化趋势北岸比南岸明显,湿度市区较郊区高,市区以松花江及毗邻地区为湿度分布中心,且北岸比南岸影响半径大.在冬季,市区温度比郊区温度高约4℃,水域两侧温度分布差异明显,冰封水体表面温度与南岸温度接近,比北岸温度高约2℃,湿度分布符合城市干岛效应,市区湿度比郊区低约1%.该成果为后期地面定点观测和移动测量奠定了数据基础与技术支撑.     

Splicing of reinforcement bars with epoxy joints

The splicing of reinforcement bars in tension using epoxy-sleeve joints is described. The optimum length of the splicing sleeve required and the optimum bonding layer of epoxy resin in the joint were determined in direct tension tests. The performance of the epoxy-sleeve joint made to these optimum dimensions is then compared to that of a lap splice made according to the provisions of CP 110 in a beam flexure test. A sleeve length of 12 bar diameters and an optimum average thickness of 2 mm of the bonding layer of epoxy are shown to develop the full strength of the splices bar. Tensile reinforcement bars spliced using epoxy-sleeve joints are shown to perform satisfactorily as flexural reinforcement in beams and compare favourably with the standard CP 110 lap splice. Epoxy-sleeve joints are shown to produce stiffer beams and reduced crack width at the joints.     

Short beam three point bend tests in syntactic foams. Part I: Microscopic characterization of the failure zones

Scanning Electron Microscopic (SEM) studies were carried out on the failure surface of syntactic foam material tested in a short beam three point bend test (SBT) by employing 21 × 15 × 3 mm³ dimension bearing specimens. The syntactic foams were fabricated using glass microballoons in epoxy binder. The failure of the tensile, compression, and shear dominated regions were studied by SEM at different magnifications. The tensile region had characteristic features, such as partial debonding of the microballoons from the matrix and cracking of glass microballoons, apart from matrix cracking and some river pattern features. The compression side was characterized by crushing and collapsing of microballoons, resulting in accumulation of debris with no apparent river pattern for matrix‐rich regions. The midway positions of the SBT failed surface comprised of deformation bands in the matrix and occasional debonding of microballoons. The morphology recorded in the tensile and compression regions corroborated well with the results obtained on these foam samples in those specimens that were subjected to pure uniaxial tension and compression, respectively. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 673–679, 2005     

粤港澳大湾区水安全协同调控理论框架研究

针对粤港澳大湾区水问题多维交织特性,基于流域系统整体观梳理总结了技术上可控、逻辑上关联的5个水安全调控子系统结构,包括：河势调控子系统、内河水环境水生态调控子系统、外江咸潮调控子系统、城市暴雨洪涝调控子系统、外江洪潮调控子系统。探讨了各子系统关键机理、系统间的协同作用原理、协同调控的关键技术需求及协同调控模型算法架构,构建了大湾区水安全协同调控理论框架,以珠江河口为例开展了粤港澳大湾区水安全协同调控理论的应用,为大湾区水问题系统治理提出了新的解决方案。     

基于正交设计的黄池沟退水道弯道体型优化的数值模拟分析

为探求黄池沟退水道弯道的合理体型,采用正交设计与数值模拟相结合的方法研究了体型参数对弯道水流的影响。选取弯道宽度、弯道曲率半径、纵向坡度3个主要影响参数按正交试验设计,确定了9组正交试验方案,利用经水工模型试验结果验证的数学模型对正交试验方案进行模拟,分析了体型参数对弯道及下游陡坡段横向水位差的影响。结果表明,3个体型参数影响作用由大到小依次为纵向坡度、弯道宽度和弯道曲率半径;坡度为显著影响因素,且平坡最佳,弯道曲率半径和弯道宽度影响不显著,据此推荐合理体型参数为坡度取0,弯道宽度和弯道曲率半径采用原设计值。     

基于机器学习模型的河道水位预测

结合已有机器学习模型——卷积神经网络(CNN)和门控循环单元(GRU)的优点,构建了并联卷积循环神经网络(PCNN-GRU)模型,并将其用于赣江下游外洲站日尺度水位变化的预测。结果显示:相较于目前流行的长短时记忆(LSTM)模型、GRU模型以及卷积循环神经网络(CNN-GRU)模型,PCNN-GRU模型的均方根误差和平均绝对误差分别降低了18.39%、21.11%、15.48%和21.31%、18.64%、14.28%,纳什-萨特克里夫效率系数和准确率分别提高至0.999 2和88.12%,表明所建模型具有良好的预测性能,可用于河道水位预测。     

基于组合赋权模糊物元可拓模型的渭河流域甘肃段河流健康评价

从水文完整性、化学完整性、形态结构完整性、生物完整性及社会服务功能5个准则层出发,构建了渭河流域甘肃段河流健康评价指标体系;采用基于改进层次分析法和Critic法的组合赋权法和模糊物元可拓模型计算河流健康状况评价等级,对渭河流域甘肃段河流健康状况进行了评价,并结合障碍诊断模型,分析了该研究区域河流健康突出问题。结果表明：2017—2019年渭河流域甘肃段干流河流健康等级均为亚健康状态,且呈现小幅好转趋势;5个准则层中化学完整性表现最差,流域治理应重点关注河流水质治理;评价河段的敏感度指标与水文、化学、生物完整性相关,是提高河流健康水平最有效的敏感因子。     

Micro-computed tomography scanning approaches to quantify,parameterize and visualize bioturbation activity in clogged streambeds: A proof of concept

Fine particle clogging and faunal bioturbation are two key processes co-occurring in the hyporheic zone that potentially affect hyporheic exchange through modifications in the sediment structure of streambeds. Clogging results from excessive fine sediment infiltration and deposition in rivers, and it is known to decrease matrix porosity and potentially reduce permeability. Faunal bioturbation activity may compensate for the negative effect of clogging by reworking the sediment, increasing porosity, and preventing further infiltration of fines. Although both processes of clogging and bioturbation have received significant attention in the literature separately, their combined effects on streambed sediment structure are not well understood, mostly due to the lack of a standard methodology for their assessment. Here, we illustrate a novel methodology using X-ray computed tomography (CT), as proof of concept, to investigate how, together, clogging and bioturbation affect streambed porosity in a controlled flow-through flume. By visualising gallery formations of an upward conveyor macroinvertebrate; Lumbriculus variegatus as a model species, we quantified bioturbation activity in a clogged streambed, focusing on orientation, depth, and volume at downwelling and upwelling areas of the flume. Gallery creation increased the porosity of the streambed sediment, suggesting a potential improvement in permeability and a possible offset of clogging effects. We illustrate the promising use of X-ray CT as a tool to assess bioturbation in clogged streambeds, and the potential role of bioturbation activity supporting hyporheic exchange processes in streambeds, warranting further studies to understand the extent of bioturbation impacts in natural systems.     

北京城市副中心防洪风险研究

北京城市副中心规划防洪标准为100a一遇,其流域上游规划2座中型水库、50余处蓄滞洪区尚未建成,副中心周边防洪工程距离规划标准差距较大,导致副中心防洪安全难以保障。针对副中心来自上游的外来洪水压力大、区内防洪工程不达标等问题,采用一维、二维数学模型,分别对区域洪水风险、穿越副中心的北运河漫溢造成的淹没风险,以及副中心周边三条干流河道堤防不达标造成的防洪风险进行模拟计算和具体分析。结果表明:流域上游洪水不经有效拦蓄下泄后,将导致北运河干流100a一遇洪峰流量增加33%;同时,副中心周边三条河道均存在堤防安全风险。其中北运河发生100a一遇洪水时,即使区内宋庄蓄滞洪区建成启用,仍将有2 590万m~3洪水从3 km无堤段漫溢,并淹没副中心核心区0.2～2 m深。风险研究结果还表明,一旦近期通州境内宋庄蓄滞洪区、温潮减河分洪道等规划工程建成后,将有效降低城市副中心的部分防洪风险。研究成果对保障副中心防洪安全的规划工程实施安排及防汛抢险安排具有重要指导意义。