Modeling and analysis of effects of precipitation and vegetation coverage on runoff and sediment yield in Jinsha River Basin

This paper focuses on the effects of precipitation and vegetation coverage on runoff and sediment yield in the Jinsha River Basin. Results of regression analysis were taken as input variables to investigate the applicability of the adaptive network-based fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) to simulating annual runoff and sediment yield. Correlation analysis indicates that runoff and sediment yield are positively correlated with the precipitation indices, while negatively correlated with the vegetation indices. Furthermore, the results of stepwise regression show that annual precipitation is the most important factor influencing the variation of runoff, followed by forest coverage, and their contributions to the variation of runoff are 69.8% and 17.3%, respectively. For sediment yield, rainfall erosivity is the most important factor, followed by forest coverage, and their contributions to the variation of sediment yield are 49.3% and 24.2%, respectively. The ANFIS model is of high precision in runoff forecasting, with a relative error of less than 5%, but of poor precision in sediment yield forecasting, indicating that precipitation and vegetation coverage can explain only part of the variation of sediment yield, and that other impact factors, such as human activities, should be sufficiently considered as well.     

城市雨水径流年污染总量核算

通过对蚌埠市新老城区地表雨水径流污染7个采样点、2场次降雨,共40个采样样本的采样与监测,获得了污染物浓度随降雨历时的变化过程;分析了地表污染程度、城市用地类型、雨水系统分流制式等因素对雨水径流污染程度的影响关系,对雨水径流污染特性进行了统计分析;在此基础上,提出了城市地表雨水径流年污染总量计算模式,初步核算了蚌埠市地表雨水径流年污染总量,评估了地表雨水径流污染对水环境的影响。     

白洋淀流域分布式水文模型开发与验证

针对白洋淀流域水资源保护工作开发了分布式水文模型WEP-L模型。WEP-L模型是对流域水循环过程与能量循环过程的综合模拟,具有较高的模拟精度。对白洋淀流域1956 } 2000年的径流模拟计算表明:主要水文站的相对误差在5%以内,Nash-Sutcliffe效率系数在0. 8以上,可以用于白洋淀流域的水文循环分析。     

三峡库区生态屏障范围界定

为有效保护三峡库区生态环境,应在库区175m淹没线以上建立生态屏障区。本文针对生态屏障的内涵及其具有的功能,提出了具体的生态屏障界定标准并建立了数学模型,提出了生态屏障建设相对适宜度。以忠县洋渡镇作为实例,利用Grid-Xinanjiang产流模型,计算研究区域内各网格单元的产流开始时间;利用网格水滴汇流模型,统计研究区各网格单元到达库区175m淹没线的汇流时间;利用收集到的地形、地貌和土地利用等资料统计研究区各单元的地形起伏、土壤质地、生态屏障投资费用等情况,在此基础上得到了洋渡镇生态屏障建设相对适宜度分布情况。通过计算缓冲区情景与高程情景下不同阈值的生态屏障平均相对适宜度变化曲线,确定了相应情景的生态屏障范围阈值;并通过对比2种阈值的生态屏障范围与适宜度的分布图,认为高程情景优于缓冲区情景。     

冲积河流滩槽定量划分方法及应用

通过理论分析与数值计算,研究了冲积河流漫滩水流水力因子的变化特性。结果表明,断面平均流速在漫滩瞬间迅速减小,然后逐渐增大;断面综合动能修正系数、动量修正系数均随水深而缓慢增加,在漫滩瞬间迅速增大,随即快速减小。根据漫滩水流水力因子沿水深的变化特性,提出采用断面横向平均流速为判别因子以定量划分复式断面的滩与槽。此外,文中将其应用于黄河下游漫滩水流的水沙数值模拟,其结果与实际情况符合较好。     

山区河流可持续发展能力评价研究

结合山区河流基本特征,从生态功能和人类服务功能两方面建立了山区河流可持续发展能力评价指标体系。基于信息熵和逼近于理想解的排序方法,提出了山区河流可持续发展能力的评价模型。以怒江中游为例,通过比较分析水电开发和旅游开发两种开发方式的可持续发展能力,验证了本文模型的科学性和可行性。分析结果表明:水电开发对怒江中游可持续发展的影响要大于旅游开发,主要体现在水电开发对当地社会经济的发展贡献较大,对生态环境的保护力度较大,但对自然的改变也较大。最后提出了多目标协同开发的山区河流可持续发展的对策。     

基于DFA的长江上游径流演化标度特性研究

针对河川径流时序所具有的非线性与非平稳性特征,运用消除趋势波动分析法（Detrended Fluctuation Analysis,DFA）对长江上游控制性水文站-宜昌站1878～2001年的月均流量时序的演化特征进行了研究,以揭示该流域河川径流的长程相关性及其内在规律性。结果表明：长江上游河川径流时序波动具有长程相关性,且其标度指数具有显著的区域性,即在短时间尺度上具有强烈的正持续性,在长时间尺度上具有强烈的负持续性,且其正持续性至多可持续19个月,显示了长江上游流域产汇流系统演化具有复杂的物理机制     

Ecological strategies successfully predict the effects of river floodplain rehabilitation on breeding birds

To improve the ecological functioning of riverine ecosystems, large‐scale floodplain rehabilitation has been carried out in the Rhine–Meuse Delta since the 1990s. This paper evaluates changes in abundance of 93 breeding bird species over a period of 10 years in response to rehabilitation, by comparing population changes in 75 rehabilitated sites with 124 non‐rehabilitated reference sites. Such quantitative, multi‐species, large‐scale and long‐term evaluations of floodplain rehabilitation on biodiversity are still scarce, particularly studies that focus on the terrestrial component. We try to understand the effects by relating population trends to ecological and life‐history traits and strategies of breeding birds. More specifically, we try to answer the question whether rehabilitation of vegetation succession or hydro‐geomorphological river processes is the key driver behind recent population changes in rehabilitated sites. Populations of 35 species have significantly performed better in rehabilitated sites compared to non‐rehabilitated floodplains, whereas only 8 have responded negatively to rehabilitation. Differences in effects between species are best explained by the trait selection of nest location. Reproductive investment and migratory behaviour were less strong predictors. Based on these three traits we defined eight life‐history strategies that successfully captured a substantial amount of variation in rehabilitation effects. We conclude that spontaneous vegetation succession and initial excavations are currently more important drivers of population changes than rehabilitation of hydrodynamics. The latter are strongly constrained by river regulation. If rehabilitation of hydro‐geomorphological processes remains incomplete in future, artificial cyclic floodplain rejuvenation will be necessary for sustainable conservation of characteristic river birds. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Quasi‐equilibrium conditions of urban gravel‐bed stream channels in southern Ontario,Canada

Urban gravel‐bed stream channels in southern Ontario, Canada identified to be in a state of quasi‐equilibrium have been studied over the past 15 years and compared against rural gravel bed stream channels of the same hydrophysiographic region. Bankfull width and depth versus bankfull discharge were not found to increase as a function of increasing urbanization as has been found in many other studies. The observed annual frequency of bankfull discharge was typically less than a 1‐year return period with many sites ranging between 2 and 18 bankfull events per year with higher intensity and shorter duration urban flood responses, which further identified significant limitations in using annual peak discharge methods for predicting morphological forming flows in urban watersheds. The cumulative volume of bankfull and larger flood events from the urban stream channels were very similar to the same annual event volumes in the rural comparison study reaches. Bed material supply was found to decrease with increasing urbanization and the reduction in bed material supply appears to be off‐set by the smaller bankfull channel width, depth and access to floodplains during large flood events. Field evidence may also suggest a even greater reduction in channel width trajectory, relative to the rural setting, with expansive floodplains to maintain quasi‐equilibrium conditions as bed material supply continues to decrease with increased anthropogenic activity. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.