Practices on rockburst prevention and control in headrace tunnels of Jinping II hydropower station

Rockburst problems induced by high in-situ stresses were prominent during construction of the headrace tunnels of Jinping II hydropower station. The rockbursts occurred in various forms, and it is necessary to take pertinent measures for integrated prevention and control of rockbursts. In view of the rockburst characteristics during tunnel construction of Jinping II hydropower station, the engineering geological conditions were presented, and the features, mechanisms and forms of rockbursts observed during construction were analyzed in detail. A large number of scientific researches, experiments and applications were conducted. Multiple measures were adopted to prevent and control rockbursts, including the prediction and early warning measures, stress relief by blasting in advance, optimized blasting design and optimized tunnel support in the tunnel sections prone to strong rockbursts. The effectiveness of these prevention and control measures was evaluated. Experiences have been accumulated through a great number of helpful explorations and practices for rockburst prevention and control. A comprehensive rockburst prevention and control system has been gradually established.     

灰色系统最优归类模型在岩爆预测中的应用

根据与岩爆有关的地质条件建立了岩爆烈度分级表 .在灰色关联分析和模糊模式识别原理的基础上 ,应用最小二乘法构造目标函数、建立岩爆预测数学模型 ,提出了动态权重计算方法和综合评判指数的概念 ,并通过工程实例说明该方法的预测结果比用有限元法计算所得的结果更为科学准确     

Prevention of rockburst by guide holes based on numerical simulations

We studied variations in the stress field around guide holes drilled during tunnel excavation to understand the mechanical mechanism by which these holes help prevent rockburst. The study used elasto-plastic analysis of a circular chamber under non-axisymmetrical loads. The results showed that the unloading of in-situ stresses, and the forming of a secondary stress field, leads to a severe change in the stress field around the guide holes. This causes the formation of an X-shaped area of plastic deformation, which prevents the rockburst. Adopting a sub-model finite dement technique, we analyzed the factors that influence the distribution of the plastic area, such as the guide hole distribution and the in-situ stress state. The calculations showed that higher initial stresses result in greater adjustment to the stress field. When the stress concentration is greater the size of the plastic area surrounding the guide hole is larger. A multi-row distribution of the guide holes shaped like a quincunX can increase the interconnectivity of the plastic areas and allow the plastic area to extend from the tunnel wall deep into the surrounding rock. An optimized design was put forward based on the distribution of the plastic area around guide holes and the factors that influence it.     

大型深埋有岩爆倾向矿床采场结构的优化研究

讨论了有岩爆倾向的深埋矿床开采设计中采场结构参数优势问题,以平均能量释放率作为优化目标,利用自主开发的三维能量分析有限元软件,采用数值模拟试验优化的方法,对冬瓜山深部铜矿床开采设计中的采场结构进行了优化研究,为该矿床的开采设计推荐了合理的采场结构参数。研究中使用的优化方法和开发的数值计算软件,对深部采矿开采设计的岩石力学优化有较大的参考价值。     

冲击地压孤岛工作面智能化掘进工艺的探索与应用

高煤公司为冲击地压矿井,为达到“有冲无伤”、“安全生产”的目标,在3上1108运输巷引入智能化掘进工艺。本文通过探讨掘进工作面截割、运输、支护的智能化实现路径,装备智能型综掘机、大运力胶带输送机、防爆锂电单轨吊机车、液压锚杆钻车、通讯网络系统,实现掘进工作面远程遥控掘进和地面实时监控。在3上1108运输巷应用以来,实现人员远离迎头截割作业、辅助运输和皮带运输连续化、支护工艺流程化,在安全生产和减人提效方面取得了较大的进步,全面提升了掘进工作面智能化掘进工艺水平。     

深井大规模矿床开采岩爆控制策略研究

随着大规模矿床的开采,在高应力作用下,不断的产生破坏性岩爆等灾害,严重制约着这些矿床的正常生产。针对国内矿山即将进入1500m深度的千万吨级生产规模,本文对深井大规模矿山的采矿战略进行了研究,制定了深埋大规模硬岩矿床采矿的工作程序。设计阶段要遵守原则,如井下工程布置,采矿方法选择,实时监测系统布置等;生产阶段主要致力于日常矿山微震风险的管理工作,建立微震监测系统,调查破坏事件,分析应力场变化规律与预测风险区域,最终采取针对性的支护技术,合理安排出矿计划和特定工作环境下作业人员技能的培训等应对策略。     

岩爆的超声波监测及预测预报方法试验研究

针对岩爆监测研究的不足,开展了完整硬岩岩爆单轴压缩试验及全过程超声波监测,分析了完整硬岩岩爆破坏特征及超声波前兆规律,探讨了完整硬岩岩爆的预测预报。结果表明:对于完整硬岩岩爆,当加载载荷达到其峰值强度便产生噼啪声响,随之发生爆裂,通过分析碎片,发现试样靠近外部区域劈裂现象明显,越靠近试样内部其破裂面的粉化程度越严重,剪切现象越明显,是源于内部被约束程度的增加导致的强烈摩擦作用和高耗能的结果;通过对完整硬岩岩爆全过程超声波监测,发现波速由平稳不变发展到波动状态、首波波幅由微小的起伏波动发展到较大的起伏波动、衰减系数从增加转为下降均可作为岩爆发生的前兆;首波波幅由总体上减小转为明显增加也可作为岩爆发生的前兆,首波波幅由一直减小发展到微小起伏波动可作为岩爆发生的前兆;硬岩超声波频谱图可反映硬岩试样在载荷作用下其内部由变形发展到产生损伤再到破裂随即岩爆的过程。     

使用声发射测试结果预判岩爆等级

岩爆等级预判是进行岩爆灾害预警的重要基础,而岩爆本身的复杂性给岩爆预判带来了很大困难,为实现岩爆等级快速、准确地预判,采用声发射测试技术获取不同方向（纵向、斜向和横向）岩石的标准试样（直径为50mm、高度为100mm）在室内单轴压缩加载过程中的声发射特征,基于不同方向试件主破裂前的累积声发射能量E_q与最终破裂后的累积声发射能量E之比分别提出相应的岩爆等级预判新方法,并将预判结果与实际岩爆等级、传统方法的岩爆预判结果进行了对比。结果表明:基于不同方向试件E_q/E值的岩爆等级预判结果准确率均达到80%,与实际岩爆等级吻合性较好;与传统岩爆预判方法相比,基于E_q/E值的岩爆等级预判结果更为可靠;使用不同方向试件E_q/E值进行岩爆等级预判时,预判结果的准确率从高到低依次为纵向、斜向和横向。研究结果对于岩爆灾害防治具有一定的参考价值。     

基于数值模拟的高压采场卸压方案研究

为了安全开采含有较多采空区的矿体,制定了2种卸压方案,并采用FLAC3D软件对矿体进行建模,模拟并分析了其卸压效果.结果表明,采用方案1(卸压巷道与凿岩巷道呈"非"字形、相邻卸压巷道间隔10 m)时,最小主应力在凿岩巷道两边及顶板附近分别从8 MPa和9 MPa降至5 MPa和8 MPa,最大主应力变化不大;采用方案2...     

煤矿覆岩空间结构演化及其诱冲作用(英文)

煤矿覆岩存在空间结构,并且随着采空范围(边界条件)的不同,覆岩的空间结构是动态演化的,并能诱发冲击矿压灾害。基于关键层理论,提出煤矿覆岩的整体空间结构形态,即层面方向的"O-X"结构与剖面方向的"F"结构组成。"O-X"结构与"F"结构的形成与失稳不断进行,称为煤矿覆岩空间结构的动态演化。将覆岩空间结构分为"O-X"型、"F"型与"T"型三种基本类型,对三类空间结构进行细化,分析其矿压特征与规律。基于能量理论,讨论覆岩空间结构演化诱冲的机制,计算三类结构"见方"时的弯曲弹性能,并分析"F"、"T"结构对诱冲的作用。研究拓展传统矿压理论范围,为覆岩结构失稳型冲击矿震预防提供理论指导。