In-situ birefringence microscopy of uniaxially stretched metal-polymer laminate

This paper concentrates on revealing the local deformation as a function of applied strain in a polymer coating supported by a plastically deforming and roughening metal substrate. To this end in-situ birefringence microscopy measurements have been executed. The measurements are performed in reflection and an alternative unwrapping scheme for the optical path difference is proposed. From the characterization of PET (polyethylene terephthalate) coated stainless steel it is concluded that strain localization appears below the macroscopic strain at yield and that the surface roughness of the substrate is the driving force of the localization.     

Characterization of blasted austenitic stainless steel and its corrosion resistance

It is known that the corrosion resistance of stainless steel is deteriorated by blasting, but the reason for this deterioration is not clear. A blasted austenitic stainless steel plate (JIS-SUS304) has been characterized with comparison to the scraped and non-blasted specimens. The surface roughness of the blasted specimen is larger than that of materials finished with #180 paper. A martensite phase is formed in the surface layer of both blasted and scraped specimens. Compressive residual stress is generated in the blasted specimen and the maximum residual stress is formed at 50–100 μm from the surface. The corrosion potentials of the blasted specimen and subsequently solution treated specimen are lower than that of the non-blasted specimen. The passivation current densities of the blasted specimens are higher those of the non-blasted specimen. The blasted specimen and the subsequently solution treated specimen exhibit rust in 5% sodium chloride (NaCl) solution, while the non-blasted specimen and ground specimen do not rust in the solution. It is concluded that the deterioration of corrosion resistance of austenitic stainless steel through blasting is caused by the roughed morphology of the surface.     

An Experimental Study of Fatigue Strength for Adhesively Bonded Tubular Single Lap Joints

In this paper, manufacturing technology of the tubular single lap adhesive joint was studied to obtain reliable and optimal joint quality. In addition, a surface preparation method and a bonding process for the joint were devised. The effect of the adhesive thickness and the adherend roughness on the fatigue strength of the joint was experimentally investigated. From experiments, it has been found that the fatigue strength of the joint increased as the adhesive thickness decreased and the optimal arithmetic surface roughness of the adherends was about 2 μm.     

Surface finish generated in hard turning of quenched alloy steel parts using conventional and wiper ceramic inserts

Significant progress has already been achieved in green manufacturing including dry and hard, often high-speed, machining technologies. For instance, the demand for higher productivity has resulted in the wider application of ceramic and PCBN tools with special multi-radii (wiper) geometry. This paper reports some important characteristics of the surface roughness produced in the turning of a hardened low-chromium alloy steel using mixed alumina–titanium carbon (TiC) ceramic cutting tools equipped with both conventional and wiper inserts. The characteristic geometrical features of surfaces obtained in both these turning operations have been assessed by means of representative two-dimensional (2D) surface roughness parameters, and some 3D visualizations, which allowed more complete characterization of the surface topography and prediction of its service properties. Results show that keeping equivalent feed rates, i.e. 0.1 mm/rev for conventional and 0.2 mm/rev for wiper tools, the surfaces obtained have similar 3D height roughness parameters, and comparable values of skew and kurtosis. At defined cutting parameters, surfaces produced by wiper tools contain blunt peaks with distinctly smaller slopes resulting in better bearing properties. Only marginal changes of Ra parameter were recorded during 15 min machining trials.     

Fuzzy adaptive networks in machining process modeling: surface roughness prediction for turning operations

Due to the complexity of the machine tool structure and the cutting process, the dynamics of machining processes are still not completely understood. This is especially true due to the demand of high-speed machining to increase productivity. In order to model and control these complex processes, new approaches, which can represent complex phenomenon combined with learning ability, are needed. The combined neural–fuzzy approach appears to be ideally suited for this purpose. In this paper, the recently developed fuzzy adaptive network (FAN) is used to model surface roughness in turning operations. The FAN network has both the learning ability of neural network and linguistic representation of complex, not well-understood, vague phenomenon. Furthermore, it can continuously improve the initially obtained rough model based on the daily operating data. To illustrate this approach, a model representing the influences of machining parameters on surface roughness is established and then the model is verified by the use of the results of pilot experiments. Finally, a comparison with the results based on statistical regression is provided.     

Stochastic Models for Pad Structure and Pad Conditioning Used in Chemical-Mechanical Polishing

Stochastic models are presented for the structure and conditioning of pads used in chemical-mechanical polishing of wafers. First the one-dimensional distribution function of surface depth in the case of a conditioned solid pad is described. Then, for characterizing the structure of a foamed pad, the theory of random closed sets is applied. An important distributional characteristic of a random closed set, the linear contact distribution function, yields the contribution to surface depth resulting from pores. As a special example the Boolean model is considered. This leads to a formula that describes the variability of the surface of a conditioned foamed pad after a certain time. Simulations and experimental data show a good agreement between theory and reality.     

复制多元光学元件的模型型芯机器集成形状检测

表面特征参数的在位检测对生产过程控制可提供十分有用的信息，从而可在制造过程中直接调节加工参数．检测要求取决于应用领域．对于超精密表面，例如微结构的或连续结构的光学器件，宜应用干涉法进行形状检测，因为干涉法有极高的精度和适应性，此外，表面可被迅速检测，因而减少生产时间．但是干涉法对机器振动、噪声或空气扰动等外界影响十分敏感，因而很难在生产环境中完成干涉测量．提出了在机械加工环境中的干涉测量和基于对在位干涉检测中各种基本干涉影响分析结果基础上的仿真．     

Emissivity Measurements on Metallic Surfaces with Various Degrees of Roughness: A Comparison of Laser Polarimetry and Integrating Sphere Reflectometry

Both integrating sphere reflectometry (ISR) as well as laser polarimetry have their advantages and limitations in their ability to determine the normal spectral emissivity of metallic samples. Laser polarimetry has been used for years to obtain normal spectral emissivity measurements on pulse-heated materials. The method is based on the Fresnel equations, which describe reflection and refraction at an ideally smooth interface between two isotropic media. However, polarimetry is frequently used with surfaces that clearly deviate from this ideal condition. Questions arise with respect to the applicability of the simple Fresnel equations to non-specular surfaces. On the other hand, reflectometry utilizing integrating spheres provides a measurement of the hemispherical spectral reflectance, from which the normal spectral emissivity can be derived. ISR provides data on spectral-normal-hemispherical reflectance and, hence, normal spectral emissivity for a variety of surfaces. However, the resulting errors are minimal when both the sample and the reference have a similar bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF). In an effort to explore the limits of polarimetry in terms of surface roughness, room temperature measurements on the same samples with various degrees of roughness were performed using both ISR and a laser polarimeter. In this paper the two methods are briefly described and the results of the comparison are discussed.     

混粉电火花加工在模具制造中的应用

通过对混粉电火花加工工艺与传统模具制造工艺的比较，从混粉电火花加工工艺的机理、表面特性、影响因素等各方面来阐述，混粉电火花加工是生产高精度、高寿命、效率的模具的最有效的工艺之一。