龙岗河流域节水评估体系研究

龙岗河属雨源型河流,其环境容量小,自净能力低。节约用水可从源头上减少龙岗河污废水的纳入量做起,故建立节水评估体系势在必行。采用层次分析法,对综合节水总目标进行层层细分,结合流域综合节水的特征、影响因素等问题,建立了包含2大系统8类22个指标的综合节水评估指标体系。该综合节水评估指标体系涵盖政策保障和技术支持两大层面,贯穿水源、水厂、管网、用户终端整个节水主线,同时以开源、节流、减污三大节水途径为保障。该系统可为其他流域和城市节水工作的开展提供借鉴。     

岷江都江堰降雨与径流变化趋势分析及预测

依据岷江上游紫坪铺水文站监测1955—2008年降雨量与年径流量资料为基础数据,用线性倾向法、滑动平均法、Mann-Kendall法进行系列趋势检验,采用小波分析进行序列周期性分析,用ARIMA模型法构建降雨径流预测模型。结果表明:近54 a来,岷江流域都江堰段降雨量与径流量均有下降趋势,其中降雨下降较快,降雨的突变点比径流少且二者存在6~21 a的周期,得到的ARIMA模型预测精度较高,结合序列趋势变化与周期性,可得到该区未来降雨径流更合理的预测。     

弯曲性分叉河道中污染物扩散性的初步研究

弯曲性分叉河道中水流特征复杂,对污染物扩散有很大影响。为了定量分析其水流特征对污染物扩散的影响,采用有限元方法求解弯曲性分叉河道中的污染物扩散数学模型,研究其中污染物扩散的状况。主要针对河道回流、绕流对污染物扩散的影响进行了详细数值模拟计算,并分别给出了可视化结果及平均的扩散距离。计算结果表明:边界层稍微减弱污染物的扩散,弯道分离使污染物扩散呈现多向扩散,而回流和绕流尾迹区使污染物很难扩散,从而有利于泄漏污染物的收集和集中治理。     

渭河流域水利水保措施减水减沙效益初步分析

截止1989年底,渭河流域共有水库361座,塘坝2666座,引水有效灌溉面积40.4万公顷,治理总面积8136km~2,治理度17.1％。以1970年为效益计算起始年,并将全流域划分为18个片,分别采用水文法和水保法计算1970～1989年间各项水利水保措施减水减沙量及综合减水减沙效益。水文法算得的综合减水效益为24.1％,减沙效益为30.6％;水保法算得的结果相应为29.9％和30.8％,两者相近。     

重金属污染土壤的植物修复技术研究进展

土壤重金属污染已成为全球性问题。污染土壤的传统治理方法成本高、效率低,并且还给生态环境带来其它危害。植物修复技术因成本较低、易被公众接受且无二次污染等优点越来越受到重视。介绍了植物修复技术的分类及超积累植物的来源、发展、筛选、应用,就植物修复技术的植物资源进行了综述,并对重金属污染土壤的植物修复技术进行了展望。     

Decrease in CO2 emission per capita as a result of the reduction in power grid losses in Iran

ABSTRACT

In power grids, a significant amount of the generated power in power plants is wasted in the grid between power plants and consumers. The amount depends on different factors. With regard to the vital role of electricity in economic and social development alongside with high investment costs in electricity generation, transmission and distribution, practical solutions for decreasing grid losses and enhancing the efficiency of existing facilities are crucial. Due to the global environmental situation and significant effects of energy consumption on the environment, the general trend is towards the deployment of methods which are more efficient and less fuel consuming. In addition, more implementation of monitoring and controlling equipment and instalment of more efficient equipment in electricity transmission and distribution sectors reveal the effort towards the reduction of pollutants. These facts reveal the importance of this issue amongst authorities in the power industry. In this research through the assessment of power grid losses and studying different types of power plants in Iran, the amount of electricity generation and grid loss are studied. In addition, the impact of different power plants on the amount of environmental pollutants especially CO₂ is presented. Also, some solutions to reduce CO₂ emission are provided.     

Pollution of montane soil with Cu, Zn, As, Sb, Pb, and nitrate in Kanto, Japan

Soil cores and rainwater were sampled under canopies of Cryptomeria japonica in four montane areas along an atmospheric depositional gradient in Kanto, Japan. Soil cores (30 cm in depth) were divided into 2-cm or 4-cm segments for analysis. Vertical distributions of elemental enrichment ratios in soils were calculated as follows: (X/Al)_i/(X/Al)_BG (where the numerator and denominator are concentration ratios of element-X and Al in the i- and bottom segments of soil cores, respectively). The upper 14-cm soil layer showed higher levels of Cu, Zn, As, Sb, and Pb than the lower (14-30 cm) soil layer. In the four areas, the average enrichment ratios in the upper 6-cm soil layer were as follows: Pb (4.93) ≥ Sb (4.06) ≥ As (3.04) > Zn (1.71) ≥ Cu (1.56). Exogenous elements (kg/ha) accumulated in the upper 14-cm soil layer were as follows: Zn (26.0) > Pb (12.4) > Cu (4.48) ≥ As (3.43) ≥ Sb (0.49). These rank orders were consistent with those of elements in anthropogenic aerosols and polluted (roadside) air, respectively, indicating that air pollutants probably caused enrichment of these elements in the soil surface layer. Approximately half of the total concentrations of As, Sb, and Pb in the upper 14-cm soil layer were derived from exogenous (anthropogenic) sources. Sb showed the highest enrichment factor in anthropogenic aerosols, and shows similar deposition behavior to NO₃⁻, which is a typical acidic air pollutant. There was a strong correlation between Sb and NO₃⁻ concentrations in rainfall (e.g., in the throughfall under C. japonica: [NO₃⁻] = 21.1 [dissolved Sb], r = 0.938, p < 0.0001, n = 182). Using this correlation, total (cumulative) inputs of NO₃⁻ were estimated from the accumulated amounts of exogenous Sb in soils, i.e., 16.7 t/ha at Mt. Kinsyo (most polluted), 8.6 t/ha at Mt. Tsukuba (moderately polluted), and 5.8 t/ha at the Taga mountain system (least polluted). There are no visible ecological effects of these accumulated elements in the Kanto region at present. However, the concentrations of some elements are within a harmful range, according to the Ecological Soil Screening Levels determined by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.     

基于平面二维水质模型的潮汐河流污染源反演

根据潮汐河流的水动力及污染物输运特点,采用二维非稳态水动力、水质模型构造污染源控制反问题,在确保控制点水质达标的前提下,通过对污染源进行反演控制,实现总负荷量最大与污染负荷最优分配的目标。以长江小河口—十二圩段为例,对反演方法进行验证。结果表明,反问题计算结果是可信的。     

红壤坡地氮溶质分层输出特征试验研究

南方红壤丘陵地区降水集中且多暴雨,土层薄,易被冲刷侵蚀,坡地农林开发中以径流为载体传输的氮素面源污染对水环境造成威胁。本文利用大型土壤渗漏装置,在施肥前、施肥后、施肥后一年3个不同时期3场自然降雨事件下,对植草覆盖、干草敷盖和裸露3种处理下红壤坡面氮素随径流垂向分层输出特征进行分析。结果表明:地表径流总氮(TN)输出量各处理排序为裸露干草敷盖植草覆盖,壤中流和地下径流总氮的输出量干草敷盖裸露植草覆盖。在暴雨条件下红壤坡面径流中总氮分层输出以地下径流为主(占55.28%~95.30%),氮素流失不仅体现在地表(占0.12%~42.16%),更多地还体现在地下的壤中流和地下径流。植生覆盖和枯落物覆盖等水土保持措施有利于可溶性无机氮的下渗。     

城市地面产流的试验研究

采用室内模拟降雨试验，对各种城市地面，如土地面，草地，混凝土地面及其多种组合的产流特性作了系统试验，分析了降雨强度与历时，土壤湿度与密实度，地面覆盖，不透水面积比例与位置等因素对径流系数和产流过程的影响，为城市水文规律的研究和模拟计算了提供了可靠依据。