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41.
Extraction of Lipids from Municipal Wastewater Plant Microorganisms for Production of Biodiesel 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Stephen Dufreche R. Hernandez T. French D. Sparks M. Zappi E. Alley 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》2007,84(2):181-187
Municipal wastewater treatment plants in the USA produce over 6.2 × 106 t of dried sewage sludge every year. This microorganism-rich sludge is often landfilled or used as fertilizer. Recent restrictions
on the use of sewage sludge, however, have resulted in increased disposal problems. Extraction of lipids from sludge yields
an untapped source of cheap feedstock for biodiesel production. Solvents used for extraction in this study include n-hexane, methanol, acetone, and supercritical CO2. The gravimetric yield of oil was low for nonpolar solvents, but use of polar solvents gave a considerably increased yield;
however, the percentage of saponifiable material was less. Extraction of lipids with a mixture of n-hexane, methanol, and acetone gave the largest conversion to biodiesel compared with other solvent systems, 4.41% based on
total dry weight of sludge. In situ transesterification of dried sludge resulted in a yield of 6.23%. If a 10% dry weight
yield of fatty acid methyl esters is assumed, the amount of biodiesel available for production in the USA is 1.4 × 106 m3/year. Outfitting 50% of municipal wastewater plants for lipid extraction and transesterification could result in enough biodiesel
production to replace 0.5% of the national petroleum diesel demand (0.7 × 106 m3). 相似文献
42.
研究了超滤膜(UF)处理生活污水站出水的阻力特性及清洗的可恢复性,对MF,活性炭吸附,活性炭吸附 MF,混凝等UF预处理方法进行了试验,平膜试验结果表明,活性炭 MF或混凝作预处理,过滤阻力显著降低。清洗的恢复性较好。 相似文献
43.
复合微生物处理生活污水的研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
对复合微生物进行了研究,利用4种微生物群分别与活性污泥混合使用处理城市污水,考察了这几种复合微生物群在不同水力停留时间时的污水处理效果,并且用空白活性污泥作对照,进行了出水CODcr的值及其去除率的对比、分析和研究。 相似文献
44.
The pyrolysis of sewage sludge was examined by thermogravimetric analysis using different heating rates, particle sizes and final temperatures. A semi-empirical model was developed with four global consecutive/competitive reactions to volatile and solid products including also a heat balance. This model was extrapolated to isothermal reactor conditions and compared to experimental data on fluidized bed pyrolysis. Depending on the particle size and reactor temperature, about 90% of the maximum conversion in a fluidized bed takes place under external heat transfer control, the rest under kinetic control. Incomplete conversion occurs at short particle residence times, which were calculated approximately by the model. 相似文献
45.
46.
Phosphorus (P) inputs are required for sustainable agricultural production in most acid soils of the tropics and subtropics. Phosphate rocks (PR) and organic materials have been suggested as alternative P sources in these soils. Quantitative information on the P availability from sewage sludge (SL) is scanty. Methods to improve the effectiveness of PR such as partial acidulation and compaction with water-soluble P sources have been recommended. The objective of this greenhouse study was to evaluate the relative agronomic effectiveness (RAE) of Florida PR and sewage sludges (irradiated and non-irradiated) applied alone and in mixture with a water-soluble source (triple superphosphate, TSP) at two rates (50 and 150 mg P kg–1 soil). The 32P isotope dilution technique was utilised to determine the proportion of P in the plant taken up from the P fertilizer treatments. Wheat was grown on an acid loamy sand Dystric Eutrocrepts and harvested 6 weeks after planting. Results on total P uptake and the RAE of the P fertilizer sources tested indicated that the addition of 50 mg P kg–1 soil as TSP was adequate in supplying P to the 6-week-old wheat plants as compared to PR and sewage sludge. Intermediate values were obtained for the mixtures. Similar responses were observed for the high P rate. For a given P rate, phosphorus uptake from PR and SL in presence of TSP was higher than P uptake from these sources alone, indicating an enhancement effect of TSP on the effectiveness of these non-readily available sources. With respect to P uptake from PR applied alone, the relative increases in P uptake from PR due to TSP influence were 52 and 67% for the low and high P rates, respectively. The relative increases in P uptake from SL due to TSP when compared to P uptake from SL alone were 102 and 59% for the low and high P rates of application. Application of a water-soluble P fertilizer together with a non-readily available P source shows an enhancement on the P uptake from the non-readily available P source by the wheat plants. In this experiment the estimated enhancement effects are very likely underestimated. 相似文献
47.
48.
油田废水电解杀菌研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
采用电解杀菌技术处理油田废水,研究了电解时间、电流强度、极板间距以及电极联结方式等因素对废水中硫酸盐还原菌杀灭效果的影响。结果表明,油田废水经3min电解杀菌,硫酸盐还原菌杀灭率高达99.90%。随着电解时间的增加,硫酸盐还原菌的杀菌率进一步提高;电流强度增加,硫酸盐还原菌的杀灭率升高。在电流强度保持不变的情况下,随着极板间距增加,极板之间电压升高,更有利于杀灭硫酸盐还原菌。在极板间电流强度相同的条件下,两种电极联结方式的杀菌率差别不大,杀菌率均在99.9%以上。 相似文献
49.
50.
对生产子午胎的九大类主要设备:炼胶设备、帘布覆胶设备、覆胶帘布裁断设备、复合挤出机及其生产线、钢丝圈设备、内衬层(气密层)生产线、成型设备、硫化机、成品检测设备进行了分析,总结介绍了我国橡机企业在这九大类设备的设计制造方面取得的成绩和水平,并与国际现状进行了对比。最后总结了我国子午胎设备目前的优势和不足。 相似文献