Sulfur-Tolerant NOx Storage Traps: An Infrared and Thermodynamic Study of the Reactions of Alkali and Alkaline-Earth Metal Sulfates

The sulfur tolerance of a barium-containing NO_x storage/reduction trap was investigated using infrared analysis. It was confirmed that barium carbonate could be replaced by barium sulfate by reaction with low concentrations of sulfur dioxide (50 ppm) in the presence of large concentrations of carbon dioxide (10%) at temperatures up to 700 °C. These sulfates could at least be partially removed by switching to hydrogen-rich conditions at elevated temperatures. Thermodynamic calculations were used to evaluate the effects of gas composition and temperature on the various reactions of barium sulfate and carbonate under oxidizing and reducing conditions. These calculations clearly showed that if, under a hydrogen-rich atmosphere, carbon dioxide is included as a reactant and barium carbonate as a product then barium sulfate can be removed by reaction with carbon dioxide at a much lower temperature than is possible by decomposition to barium oxide. It was also found that if hydrogen sulfide was included as a product of decomposition of barium sulfate instead of sulfur dioxide then the temperature of reaction could be significantly lowered. Similar calculations were conducted using a selection of other alkaline-earth and alkali metals. In this case calculations were simulated in a gas mixture containing carbon monoxide, hydrogen and carbon dioxide with partial pressures similar to those encountered in real exhausts during switches to rich conditions. The results indicated that there are metals such as lithium and strontium with less stable sulfates than barium, which may also possess sufficient NO_x storage capacity to give sulfur-tolerant NO_x traps.     

氟硅酸溶液中氟硅酸及氢氟酸含量的测定

基于生成氟硅酸钾沉淀和该沉淀水解均析出不同量酸，用碱滴定完成氟硅酸及氢氟酸的连续测定。该方法用于生产实践，结果令人满意。     

A/O法废水处理碱源的研究与实践

从理论到实践阐述了以具有价格优势的 Na OH替代 Na2 CO3做碱源 ,解决 A / O法运行成本高的问题。     

梅溪流域城镇化进程对山前平原区洪涝过程的影响

为探究城镇化进程引起土地利用类型变化对山前平原区洪涝过程的影响,以梅溪流域下游平原区的洪濑镇为例,分析了2002—2018年梅溪流域上游山区和下游平原区的土地利用类型变化,并基于多情景数值模拟,研究了流域尺度内土地利用类型变化对山前平原区洪涝过程和地表淹没状况的影响。结果表明：随着梅溪流域耕地和林地面积减少、城镇建设用地增加,上游山区的径流系数和峰值流量均增大,下游山前平原区的淹没状况更加严重;上游山区的城镇建设用地增加使山区骤发洪水峰值流量增大、峰现时间提前,主要影响地表平均最大淹没水深和平均峰现时间;下游平原区的城镇建设用地增加使内涝发生的时间提前,主要影响地表平均淹没历时。     

Among-site variability in environmental and management characteristics: Effect on nutrient loss in agricultural tile drainage

Water quality issues, including harmful and nuisance algal blooms (HNABs), related to nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) exported from agricultural lands persist in the Great Lakes region. Previous work examining N and P loss from agricultural fields in portions of the United States (US) and Canada (CA) that drain into Lake Erie, consistently indicate significant nutrient loss from fields in Indiana and Ohio, US compared with those in southwestern Ontario, CA. The primary objective of this study was to examine variation in environmental and management characteristics from 30 sites (US: n = 28, CA: n = 2) located within the Lake Erie Basin and subsequently determine the influence of among-site variation on edge-of-field N and P losses. Using principal component analyses (PCA), we found that among-site variation was predominantly controlled by broad-scale patterns in fertilizer management practices and soil properties; however, N and P loss metrics were largely unexplained by these gradients. As such, fine-scale variability and the interaction of environmental and management characteristics at individual sites more strongly influenced N and P loss. Ultimately, these results further emphasize the importance of site- and nutrient-specific management plans that are needed to mitigate N and P losses from agricultural fields.     

1980～2015年长江流域土地利用变化分析

基于长江流域1980,1990,1995,2000,2005,2010,2015年7期土地利用数据,通过土地利用转移矩阵以及多种指标,分析了1980~2015年间长江流域土地利用的时空变化过程。研究表明：近35 a来耕地和草地呈下降趋势,而林地、水域和城乡用地面积明显增加,未利用地总体呈下降趋势;随着时间的推移,各地类的变化形式由以交换变化量为主导转变为以净变化量为主导,说明各地类逐渐倾向于在原有空间位置发生面积变化,而不是在流域内发生空间位置转移;长江流域土地利用综合动态度从大到小排列依次是1990~1995年、1980~1990年、2005~2010年、1995~2000年、2000~2005年、2010~2015年。1980~1990年和1990~1995年这两个时期的综合土地利用综合动态度明显大于其他各时期,即这两个时期长江流域土地利用变化程度最为剧烈。     

基于SWAT分布式流域水文模型的下垫面变化和水利工程对径流影响分析

近年来随着人类活动的加剧,兴建了许多中、小型水利和水土保持工程,迅速改变着流域的自然面貌,因而改变了径流的原有规律。选取1960以前水利工程较少的时期作为人类活动不明显期来率定SWAT模型参数,对于1990以后人类活动稳定期的径流分别设置3个情景:应用原SWAT模型、应用只考虑下垫面变化的SWAT模型和应用考虑下垫面变化和水利工程影响的SWAT模型分别进行模拟。对于五道沟以上流域和流域内东丰、磐石、样子哨3个子流域模拟结果显示:考虑下垫面变化和水利工程影响后的径流模拟相关系数R2和纳什效率系数NSE分别从0.82、0.56提高到0.91、0.79,分别提高了11.0%和41.1%。其中模拟精度的提高量中91.3%是由于考虑水利工程作用所引起的,剩余部分是由考虑下垫面变化引起的。相比下垫面变化,水利工程运行对该流域径流变化占据主导作用。     

两状态LMS信道中LMS系统的近似中断性能研究

针对通用的两状态陆地移动卫星(LMS)信道模型中,每一状态的Loo分布包含无限范围内的积分且不存在闭合形式,导致性能估计难以实现的问题,基于两状态信道模型给出等增益合并分集LMS系统中断概率的闭式解。利用Taylor级数展开法将包络的概率密度函数(PDF)近似为Rice分布PDF的加权和,利用Beaulieu序列法推导独立信道随机变量和的累积分布函数和二阶矩,得出系统中断概率的闭式解。仿真结果表明,近似中断概率与理论值十分一致,具有精确性、灵活性、复杂度低的优点。     

基于插件式GIS的皖江城市带发展土地保障与监管技术系统

本文旨在解决皖江城市带发展土地保障与监管技术系统6个关键业务分析模块的集成问题。采用宿主平台+插件的软件架构,设计了宿主程序和业务分析模块集成的接口标准,基于.NET和ArcGIS Engine开发宿主程序和各个业务分析模块插件,实现业务模块的"即插即用",满足皖江城市带发展土地保障与监管技术系统业务模块集成需求。     

Understanding taxi driver＇s cruising behavior with ZIP model

The taxi drivers＇ cruising pattern was learned using GPS trajectory data collected in Shenzhen, China. By employing zero-inflated Poisson model, the impacts of land use and previous pick-up experience on cruising decision were measured. The cruising strategies of different types of drivers as well as the top one driver were examined. The results indicate that both land use and previous pick-up experience affect travel behavior with the former＇s influence （7.07 × 10-4 measured by one of the coefficients in zero-inflated Poisson model） being greater than the latter＇s （4.58×10-5） in general, but the comparison also varies across the types of drivers. Besides, taxi drivers＇ day-to-day learning feature is also proved by the results. According to comparison of the cruising behavior of the most efficient and inefficient driver, an efficient cruising strategy was proposed, that is, obeying the distribution of land use in choice of cruising area, while learning from pick-up experience in selection of detailed cruising location. By learning taxi drivers＇ cruising pattern, the development of measures of regulating travel behaviors is facilitated, important factor for traffic organization and planning is identified, and an efficient cruising strategy for taxi drivers is provided.