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??Due to downhole complexities, shale-gas horizontal well fracturing in the Sichuan Basin suffered from casing deformation and failure to apply the technique of cable-conveyed perforation bridge plug. In view of these problems, a new technique of staged volume fracturing with temporary plugging by sand filling is employed. Based on theoretical analyses and field tests, a design of optimized parameters of coiled tubing multi-cluster sand-blasting perforation and temporary plugging by sand filling was proposed. It was applied in the horizontal Well ZJ-1 in which casing deformation occurred. The following results are achieved in field operations. First, this technique enables selective staged fracturing in horizontal sections. Second, this technique can realize massive staged fracturing credibly without mechanical plugging, with the operating efficiency equivalent to the conventional bridge plug staged fracturing. Third, full-hole is preserved after fracturing, thus it is possible to directly conduct an open flow test without time consumption of a wiper trip. The staged volume fracturing with temporary plugging by sand filling facilitated the 14-stage fracturing in Well ZJ-1, with similar SRV to that achieved by conventional bridge plug staged fracturing and higher gas yield than neighboring wells at the same platform. Thus, a new and effective technique is presented in multi-cluster staged volume fracturing of shale gas horizontal wells.     

印尼油砂油热转化改质降黏研究

采用高压釜作为减黏反应器对印尼油砂油进行减黏改质处理,考察反应温度为380~440℃、反应时间为5~60min条件下的减黏率、结焦率和反应深度。结果表明,在反应温度为420℃、反应时间为30min的条件下,结焦率为0.91%,产品油50℃动力黏度为395mPa·s,减黏率为99.62%。     

鄂尔多斯盆地西北部长9储层沉积特征及地质意义

综合分析岩心、测井与分析化验等测试结果,认为鄂尔多斯盆地西北部长9储层沉积期整体处于水上沼泽环境,主要发育辫状河三角洲平原亚相,沉积受西北和东北两个物源体系控制,以西北物源为主。岩石学研究表明,长9油层砂岩类型主要为长石砂岩和岩屑长石砂岩,成分成熟度较低,结构成熟度中等;受沉积影响,长9沉积砂体在纵向上结构表现为无粒序变化均一型和复合粒序型两种特征,分流河道微相为主要储集体,易于石油聚集成藏。     

冲砂分流封隔器结构设计及分析

油井出砂是油田开采中后期常见的问题,出砂后不仅会磨蚀井下设备,也会砂埋油层,造成油井停产,危害极大。针对目前常规冲砂技术具有皮碗磨损严重,作业管柱摩阻大等问题,研制了一种可应用于冲砂洗井作业的分流封隔器,并从结构设计、工作原理及密封性能等方面进行了分析。该工具自身设计分流通道,满足正、反循环要求,且皮碗可多次收缩、张开,能够有效降低管柱摩阻,减少作业风险,应用前景广阔。     

海上油井不停泵除砂清砂工艺及射流泵优化设计

为解决海上油井采出液含砂对潜油电泵造成的磨损问题,提出了海上油井不停泵除砂清砂工艺。该工艺采用固液旋流除砂器进行油砂分离,使用射流泵将被分离出并沉淀在井底的砂砾清除出井底。依据某油井参数进行了结构初步设计,并通过正交试验及Fluent软件优选出了射流泵的最佳结构参数:面积比0.25、喉嘴距3.45 mm、喉管长36.8 mm、喷嘴锥角14°、喉管入口斜角60°。海上油井不停泵除砂清砂工艺既可延长潜油电泵检泵周期,又不占用平台空间,缓解了海上平台空间紧张的问题。     

沉积相控制下致密砂岩气藏分布特征——以四川盆地川西坳陷中段蓬莱镇组为例

针对致密砂岩气藏受沉积相影响控制作用不明晰的情况,综合利用野外露头、岩心分析化验、测井和地震等资料,对川西坳陷中段蓬莱镇组沉积相进行了深入研究,最后探讨了沉积相对致密砂岩气藏的控制作用。研究表明：蓬莱镇组可以划分为2个长期、4个中期及29个短期旋回;蓬莱镇组沉积体主要受来自北西部的龙门山短轴物源控制为主,东部长轴物源次之;从龙门山前至成都凹陷区依次发育冲积扇、冲积平原、辫状河三角洲和湖泊相等沉积体系,东部主要为一套河流相沉积体系;蓬莱镇组含气砂体主要分布在西部三角洲平原、前缘（水下）分流河道、河口坝砂体和东部的河道边滩和心滩砂体中,呈不连续条带状分布;有利的含气圈闭主要受砂体叠置关系与构造或斜坡背景联合控制。     

斜井分层采油与防砂联作工艺技术

为满足定向斜井出砂油井分层开采,达到控水增油的目的。在分析国内分层采油和防砂技术的基础上,研制了“悬挂泵+绕丝筛管+Y211-114型封隔器+带绕丝筛管的分流控制器+油管扶正器”管柱组合,形成了斜井分层采油与防砂联作工艺技术。经现场13口油井应用,单井日产油量平均增加3.5 t,含水率平均下降27.8%。     

FACIES HETEROGENEITIES IN A RAMP CARBONATE RESERVOIR ANALOGUE: A NEW HIGH‐RESOLUTION APPROACH FOR 3D FACIES MODELLING

In contrast to the conventional view that facies distribution patterns on carbonate ramps are relatively simple, outcrop analogue studies point to a high degree of internal facies complexity. Depending on the diagenetic overprint, this complex pattern may result in reservoir compartmentalization due to the presence of interflow baffles. The often subseismic scale heterogeneities may not be included in conventional reservoir modelling. In order to evaluate how facies heterogeneities in shoal reservoirs can be modelled realistically, this paper presents a facies modelling workflow which includes a new approach to the design of training images for multiple‐point statistics (MPS). The workflow was developed in the course of a reservoir outcrop analogue study of a Ladinian (Middle Triassic) coquinadominated shoal complex in SW Germany which was deposited on an epicontinental, gently inclined carbonate ramp. The data set was based on an intensive field study and includes 3D facies and sequence stratigraphic analyses of the largest shoal complex in the Quaderkalk Formation (Upper Muschelkalk). This several metre thick shoal complex represents a subseismic scale, bioclast‐rich reservoir analogue and has a very heterogeneous facies pattern. Integrating 1D facies logs and sequence stratigraphic trends from tens of outcrop sections and cores, two nested 3D geocellular facies models were produced: (i) a large‐scale (30 × 30 km) model based on truncated Gaussian simulation (TGS); this formed the basis for (ii) a smaller‐scale (10 × 10 km), more detailed model based on multiple point statistics. In addition, a new approach for training image design was developed to honour small‐scale sequence stratigraphic trends and lateral facies patterns observed in modern analogues. Compared to facies patterns in modern analogues, the large‐scale model presents geologically‐feasible facies distribution patterns and geometries, and in addition shows a vertical facies distribution which is similar to the observed sequence stratigraphic architecture of the outcrop data‐set used. Due to the new training image design, the final small‐scale model has a distribution pattern of facies heterogeneities which looks similar to modern facies distributions in the offshore UAE and thus represents a valuable method of producing realistic reservoir facies models. The modelling workflow and the new approach for training image design presented will help to reduce uncertainties in the understanding and modelling of subsurface reservoirs by using a systematic combination of outcrop data and modern analogues, with the consistent application of sequence stratigraphic principles. In addition, this study emphasises the importance of careful training image design, derived from modern analogues, which can be used as realistic inputs in order to optimize multiple point simulations, and which may be applied to producing bioclastic reservoirs such as those located on the Arabian Plate or offshore Brazil.     

稠油油藏出砂冷采技术实践

套保油田为普通稠油油藏,其开发的难点是常规冷采产能低、递减快,蒸汽吞吐开采注入压力过高破坏隔层导致底水上窜、注入压力过低不能保证注入蒸汽质量导致开采效果差。因此开展出砂冷采试验,经研究及现场试验形成了较完善的配套工艺技术,出砂冷采在套保油田白92块工业化应用,单井日产油达到10～30m^3／d,为常规冷采产量的10～20倍。     

水平井眼轨迹对气井出砂趋势及工作制度的影响

出砂是影响油气井正常生产的重要因素之一。借助FEPG有限元程序自动生成平台，建立了三维应力场弹塑性地层出砂模型，并运用有限元法计算分析了不同轨迹的裸眼井井壁周围的有效塑性应变分布规律及出砂趋势，研究了气藏压力衰竭对完井方式的影响。研究表明，水平井眼轨迹对出砂有重要的影响，同一地应力环境下向不同方位延伸的水平井在投产时应该采取不同的生产压差和不同的生产制度，水平井眼轨迹对出砂的影响程度随着3个地应力差异的增大而加剧。气藏压力衰竭对井壁的稳定性和出砂趋势都有重要影响。随着气藏压力的衰竭，井壁稳定性将变得越来越差，最终导致井筒出砂。因此，对气井完井不仅应该考虑到气藏开发初期地层的稳定性状况，而且还应该考虑到气藏压力衰竭后可能出现的井壁失稳问题。