粗粒土渗透变形机制浅析

对砂卵砾石的渗透变形的形成条件进行了简要分析，在此基础上对渗透变形的形式进行了简要评价，并提出了渗透变形临界坡降的计算方法。     

Valley floor landscape change following almost 100 years of flood embankment abandonment on a wandering gravel‐bed river

Critical to restoring the nature conservation value of many river corridors is an understanding of how alluvial landscapes will respond to cessation of river management and land use practices that have previously degraded the environment. This paper analyses changes in valley floor landforms and vegetation patch dynamics, in relation to fluvial disturbance, over a period of almost 100 years following flood embankment abandonment on a wandering gravel‐bed river, namely the River Tummel, Scotland. Such rivers were once typical of many draining upland areas of northern maritime Europe. Prior to abandonment the valley floor landscape was agriculturally dominated and the river for the most part was single thread confined between flood embankments. The pattern of landform change and vegetation patch development over time following a decision in 1903 not to maintain embankments was tracked by geomorphic and land cover mapping utilizing successive sets of aerial photography for the period 1946 to 1994. A historical context for these changes was also feasible because the channel planform in 1900 and earlier channel planform changes dating back to 1753 were known due to the availability of old maps and earlier geomorphic studies. The land cover mapping was validated by comparison of results produced from the interpretation work on the 1994 aerial photographs with the field‐based UK National Vegetation Classification protocol. The findings of the study illustrate that bordering the River Tummel fluvial landforms and vegetation patch mosaics, presumably resembling those that occurred before valley floor land use intensification, evolved in less than 50 years after flood embankment abandonment with a resultant increase in habitat diversity. The change relates primarily to flood‐induced channel planform change and moderate levels of fluvial disturbance. The general significance of this change to plant species diversity on the valley floor of the River Tummel and elsewhere is discussed as is possible implications of the upstream impoundment and scenarios for climatically induced changes in flood frequency and magnitude. The overall outcome is the strong possibility that simple changes in river management and land use practices could result in re‐establishment of the nature conservation value of similar river corridors in Europe over the medium term without active restoration efforts. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

一种新型针状合金-金刚石复合钻头胎体配方的试验研究

本文首先介绍一种用于卵砾石地层钻进的新型针状硬质合金钻头的设计原理，而后简要说明其胎体配方组成机理。在分析胎体性能要求的基础上，选择了六组配方，对其进行抗弯强度、抗剪强度，硬度性能、冲击韧性、SEM照片等试验，优选了四号配方，试制了钻头。生产试验结果表明，这种新型复合型钻头钻进萝日砾石地层的平均时效1．89m／h、平均每回次进尺为2．3m，平均钻头寿命19．81m，具有实用和推广价值。     

Estimating discharge in gravel‐bed river using non‐contact ground‐penetrating and surface‐velocity radars

Discharge measurement is a critical task for gravel‐bed channels. Under high‐flow conditions, the elevation of the riverbed changes significantly by intensive torrential flow. The stage–discharge relations commonly used for stream discharge estimation may no longer be adequate. The contact‐type velocity measuring is also subject to measurement errors and/or instrument failures by the high‐flow velocities, driftwood, stumps, and debris. This study developed a new real‐time method to estimate river discharge in gravel‐bed channels. A systematic measuring technology combining ground‐penetrating radar and surface‐velocity radar was employed. The rating curves representing the relations of water surface velocity to the channel cross‐sectional mean velocity and flow area were established. Stream discharge was then deduced from the resulting mean velocity and flow area. The proposed method was examined in a steep gravel‐bed reach of the Cho‐Shui River in central Taiwan. The estimated stream discharge during three flood events were compared to the prediction by using the stage–discharge relation and the index‐velocity method. The proposed method of this study is capable of computing reasonable values of discharge for an entire flood hydrograph, whereas the other two methods tend to produce large extrapolation errors. Moreover, when the computed discharge is used in 2D flood flow simulation, the proposed method demonstrates better performance than the commonly used stage–discharge and index‐velocity methods.     

Effects of urea fertigation of apple trees on soil pH,exchangeable cations and extractable manganese in a sandy loam soil in New Zealand

Changes in soil pH, exchangeable aluminium (Al), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and potassium (K) and extractable manganese (Mn) were investigated after urea fertigation of a sandy loam soil in an apple orchard in New Zealand. Urea at three rates (0, 25, 50 kg N ha^–1 yr^–1 or 0, 16.9, 33.8 g N emitter^–1 yr^–1) was applied in 4 equal fertigations. Soil cores at 4 profile depths (0–10, 10–20, 20–40 and 40–60 cm) directly below and 20 cm from the emitter were sampled approximately 4 weeks after each fertigation and in the following winter. Results obtained showed that the largest changes in soil pH and cations occurred in soils directly below the emitter in the 50 kg N ha^–1 yr^–1 treatment where the soil pH decreased by 1.6 pH units at all soil depths. The lowest pH of 4.3 was observed at a depth of 27 cm. Exchangeable Al and extractable Mn levels increased to 11 meq kg^–1 and 78µg g^–1 respectively. Estimated losses of Ca, Mg and K from the upper soil profile depth (0–10 cm) represented 23, 63 and 27% of their respective total exchangeable levels. At lower profile depths (>20 cm), accumulation of displaced K was evident. Variable, and generally non-significant, chemical changes recorded in soils 20 cm from the emitter were attributed to restricted lateral water movement, and therefore urea movement, down the profile.The present study showed that one season of urea fertigation by trickle emitters, applied to a sandy loam, at half the rate conventionally applied to apple orchards (50 kg N ha^–1 yr^–1) resulted in pH and mineral element imbalances which were potentially and sufficiently severe to inhibit tree growth.     

非均匀卵砾石粗糙床面的分形特征

针对传统方法刻画粗糙床面总体特征存在缺陷的问题,将分形几何理论引入非均匀卵砾石粗糙床面特征研究,以卵砾石床面激光扫描试验资料为基础,探讨了分形尺度区宽度与中值粒径d50的关系,分析了覆盖基准面对分形维数的影响,研究了床面整体与局部分形维数的特征与联系,获得了分形维数随床面颗粒组成及高程统计参数的变化规律。结果表明:分形尺度区宽度与床面颗粒中值粒径d50有关,上临界尺度可取为1.5d50;分形维数与覆盖基准面位置有关,覆盖基准面距平均床面的距离越大,分形维数越大且逐渐失真,为有效量化和区分床面粗糙特征,覆盖基准面宜取平均床面;粗糙床面分形维数具有良好的稳定性,局部分形维数变异性很小,并与整体分形维数接近;粗糙床面的分形维数与颗粒大小、级配组成及床面高程统计参数有关,中值粒径越大,颗粒组成越均匀,床面高程极差、标准差、偏度(绝对值)和峰度越大,分形维数越小。     

Bauxite residue (red mud) increases phosphorus retention in sandy soil catchments in Western Australia

The Peel-Harvey estuary on the Swan Coastal Plain, Western Australia has become eutrophic partly because of the leaching of fertiliser phosphorus from sandy soils. The acid, coarse textured sandy soils are predominantly quartz, have a low iron and aluminium content and do not retain phosphorus. Red mud, derived from bauxite, is a by-product of the alumina industry and has the ability to retain phosphorus. Retention of phosphorus is enhanced when the red mud is neutralised with gypsum. Red mud has been suggested as a soil amendment to reduce phosphorus leaching.To investigate the reduction in the leaching of phosphorus from soils amended with red mud, weirs were constructed at the outlets from a pair of catchments to quantify the amount of phosphorus in the streamflow. Both catchments were deep grey Bassendean sand. One of the catchments was treated with 80 t/ha of red mud which had been neutralised with waste gypsum from the phosphate industry. The red mud was applied to the soil surface using conventional fertiliser spreading equipment. The other catchment was untreated.The red mud reduced phosphorus loss by 70% from 13.8 kg/ha on the untreated catchment, to 4.2 kg/ha on the treated catchment. Both catchments were treated with 20.4 kg/ha of phosphorus as superphosphate. The catchment treated with red mud also received a further 41.5 kg/ha of phosphorus from the phosphogypsum that was used to neutralise the red mud.Our results show that red mud reduces phosphorus leaching and is potentially a nutrient management option in sandy soils. Red mud has the potential to reduce the impact of agriculture on the estuarine environment and has implications for the continued expansion and intensification of agriculture in the Peel-Harvey catchment.     

Transport of Gellan Gum Microbeads in Soil Columns of Various Grain Size Distributions

The transport of gellan gum microbeads as potential cell carriers was investigated in horizontal columns packed with different grain size classes of gravel (2–16 mm) and sand (0.25–2 mm). A suspension of microbeads was pulsed into each column for 6 h, followed by injection of water for 42 h. In general, the total amount of microbeads travelling across a given section of the column increased with injection time but decreased towards the column outlet, varying as a direct function of grain size. The results of this study demonstrate the feasibility of the transport of gellan gum microbeads through medium sand to medium gravel across distances up to 110 cm.     

基于改进一次二阶矩法的砂土液化判别方法

通过对改进一次二阶矩可靠性分析方法进行研究,提出了一种基于标准贯入击数极限状态方程的地震液化可靠度评估方法,并用Matlab 7．0编制了相应的地震液化概率判别程序。用该可靠性分析方法对1976年河北唐山大地震的资料进行了液化概率分析,并与实测值和规范判别法计算结果进行了对比。结果表明：该方法具有可行性和精确性,为砂土液化势评估提供了一种有效的新方法。     

深厚覆盖层上高心墙坝地震惯性力动态分布系数研究

对于强震区坐落在深厚覆盖层(深度超过50 m)上的高土石坝,通过拟静力稳定分析结果初步判定其抗震稳定性是抗震设计的主要内容,其中水平向地震惯性力沿坝基覆盖层至坝顶的动态分布系数是关键。然而,现行《水工建筑物抗震设计标准》(GB 51247—2018)中地震惯性力动态分布系数多基于坐落在基岩上的高土石坝的动力响应规律确定,现有动态分布系数忽略了深厚覆盖层和地震动强度对地震动传播规律的影响。因此,以坐落在深厚砂砾石覆盖层上150 m级高黏土心墙堆石坝为研究对象,结合现行土石坝设计规范和国内已建高土石坝实例,基于统计平均的方法确定了坝顶宽度、坝料分区、坝坡坡比、覆盖层材料的静、动力特性等关键参数,深入探讨了150 m级高黏土心墙堆石坝在小震(0.1 g)、中震(0.2 g)和大震(0.4 g)规范谱地震动作用下不同深度砂砾石料覆盖层的动力响应分布规律,进而总结归纳出不同深度覆盖层下150 m级高黏土心墙堆石坝的水平向地震惯性力的动态分布系数,将其引入到拟静力法稳定分析中,最后基于最危险滑动面和最小安全系数与现行规范所得结果进行对比分析。研究结果表明,小震(0.1 g)和中震(0.2 g)下采用文中推荐的考虑深厚覆盖层和地震动输入强度影响的水平向地震惯性力动态分布系数时将得到更符合工程实际的评价结果。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层上的高土石坝抗震设计提供参考依据。