过热蒸汽在烧碱生产中的直接应用

通过对蒸发装置的料液循环方式、加热面积及罐体强度的分析和计算,肯定了过热蒸汽在烧碱生产中直接应用的可行性,并在实际运行中得到了验证,达到了节能降耗的目的。     

车间空气中氨浓度测定方法改进

用纳氏试剂分光光度法代替纳氏试剂目测比色法测定车间空气中氨浓度，并采用了单管直接抽取空气样品的方法，使操作简单。并对分析过程中的干扰因素进行了消除，经过作标准曲线、空白试验和计算方法检测限，证明此方法准确度较高。     

Effect of the Three Gorges Reservoir on vertical distribution of suspended sediment concentration and estimation accuracy of depth-average concentration in downstream reaches

The sediment regime in the middle Yangtze River has been significantly changed from quasi-equilibrium to nonequilibrium since the impoundment of the Three Georges Reservoir (TGR). To understand the effects of the TGR on vertical distribution of suspended sediment concentration (SSC) and estimation accuracy of mean concentration, vertical sediment concentration and flow velocity data at the Shashi and Jianli hydrological stations in the reach before and after the impoundment were collected. Comparisons and analysis of vertical profiles of SSC before and after the TGR impoundment show that after the impoundment of the TGR, due to the coarsening of sediment particle size, the reduction in sediment load, and the significant decrease in sediment saturation, the vertical distribution of SSC in the downstream reaches became more uneven under medium and low water flows, which was reflected in the vertical gradient and the fluctuation degree of SSC significantly increased. In addition, the depth-average sediment concentrations were calculated by the selected-point method and the mean values calculated by the “multi-point method” were regarded as the “true mean” to evaluate the accuracy of the mean value calculated by the “few-point method.” It was found that the relative errors for the selected-point method were mainly positive before impoundment but mainly negative after impoundment. Additionally, the correction factors of one-point, two-point, and three-point methods and the position of the near-bed substituted point for the five-point method were given to reduce the error when the point measurements were used to calculate the depth-average sediment concentration in the downstream reaches.     

氯和氯胺冲击消毒对二次供水管道生物膜的控制作用

针对建筑二次供水管壁生物膜对饮用水的生物安全性构成的潜在威胁,采用生物膜反应器(BAR)模拟二次供水管道,研究氯和氯胺冲击消毒过程对管壁生物膜的细菌总数、大肠杆菌和异养菌(HPC)灭活效果以及对生物膜结构的影响.结果表明,在第80天时生物膜中生物量达到最大,生物膜宏基因组分析表明,厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和拟杆菌(Bacteroidetes)为优势菌种.冲击消毒对生物膜的灭活效能与氯和氯胺的质量浓度以及CT值有关,在相同CT值条件下,高质量浓度氯和氯胺的灭活效果更佳.氯和氯胺的生物膜灭活效果对比可以看出,在低投量条件下,氯的细菌总数和大肠杆菌灭活效果好于氯胺,但氯的HPC灭活效果弱于氯胺;在高投量条件下,消毒剂质量浓度和CT值与生物膜的灭活效果无明显相关性,可以达到快速消毒的效果.在氯和氯胺的投加质量浓度为3.0 mg/L、CT值300~400 mg·min/L的最佳冲击消毒条件下,生物膜中细菌总数、大肠杆菌和HPC的灭活率均达到95%以上.从生物膜的表面特性分析可以看出,冲击消毒后生物膜结构破坏明显,生物膜变薄或脱落;氯冲击消毒对生物膜的破坏和削减程度优于氯胺,更有利于管道生物膜的控制.     

Characteristics of coal sludge slurry prepared by a wet-grinding process

Coal sludge slurry(CSS) is an alternative fuel and a potential competitive method for sludge reduction.Based on the researches of coal water slurry, we studied CSSs by using a wet-grinding process with different types of regional municipal sludge(sludge) in an orthogonal experiment. The sludge type,sludge mixing proportion, dosage of dispersant, and grinding time were tested in this study. The results show that water content and its occurrence characteristics in the sludge have primary hindering influences on slurry ability. The range of fixed-viscosity concentrations with raw wet sludge is from 50.78%to 44.40%(by weight), while the range is from 53.35% to 51.51%(by weight) with dry sludge. All of the CSSs exhibit shear-thinning behaviors with different variation trends, especially the CSSs with more than 15%(by weight) raw wet sludge in it. Adding the same proportion of raw wet sludge increases the thixotropic properties of CSSs and the highest area of thixotropy loop is 3065 Pa/s, while the highest value of dry sludge is 1798 Pa/s. Hydrophilic group plays an important role in adsorbing water and building three-dimension networks with other particles, which is the main reason for CSS properties.Therefore, the mechanism can be used to find the way for making high quality CSS.     

基于偏振光检测的溶液浓度测量方法研究

为了克服旋转检偏片法测量旋光性溶液浓度存在的误差大、精度低等不足,提出了一种基于旋转波片的偏振光检测溶液浓度的测量方法。采用PIN光电二极管对带有溶液浓度信息的偏振光信号进行探测,经过光电变换后利用信号调理电路实现信号处理、采集等,并将数据通过串口传送到上位机,利用LabVIEW程序进行数据处理与显示。实验结果表明,基于旋转波片的偏振光检测溶液浓度的测量方法测量精度为0.6%。该测量方法能够减小测量误差、提高测量精度,并且用户界面友好、结果显示直观。     

活性粉末混凝土冻融循环前后NaCl溶液的吸入特性

为更好地理解混凝土盐冻破坏机理,研究了NaCl溶液中NaCl质量分数对活性粉末混凝土溶液吸入量的影响规律,并比较了试件表面及芯部吸入面溶液吸入特性的差异;分析了冻融循环1 000次对溶液吸入特性的影响,给出了不同吸入面的毛细吸液系数.研究表明:活性粉末混凝土毛细吸液量随着NaCl质量分数的增大而减小;15~180 min和180~540 min两阶段溶液吸入量均与t1/2呈线性关系;试件表面毛细吸液系数远小于芯部;冻融循环1 000次后溶液吸入量显著降低,仅为冻融循环前的0.33倍;冻融循环1 000次后距离试件表面越远的吸入面毛细吸液系数越大.     

活性炭粉末电极电容除盐与膜电容除盐对比

为研究电容法除盐技术(CDI)与膜电容法除盐技术(MCDI)除盐效果的差异,获得具有较优除盐特性的电除盐体系,选用成本较低的活性碳粉末作为电容法除盐体系的电极材料,研究CDI与MCDI对不同质量浓度盐水的处理效果．结果表明,随着处理盐溶液质量浓度的提高,CDI与MCDI的电吸附量均有提高,且MCDI电吸附效果的优势更为明显. 当盐水质量浓度由0.05 g／L上升到0.5 g／L时,MCDI的电吸附量由99.4 μmol／g升至694.4 μmol／g,而CDI的电吸附量仅由80.3 μmol／g变化至135.7 μmol／g．     

Correspondence of bubble size and frother partitioning in flotation

The size of bubbles created in the flotation process is of great importance to the efficiency of the mineral separation achieved. Meanwhile, it is believed that frother transport between phases is perhaps the most important reason for the interactive nature of the phenomena occurring in the bulk and froth phases in flotation, as frother adsorbed in the surface of rising bubbles is removed from the bulk phase and then released into the froth as a fraction of the bubbles burst. This causes the increased concentration in the froth compared to the bulk concentration, named as frother partitioning. Partitioning reflects the adsorption of frother on bubbles and how to influence bubble size is not known. There currently exists no such a topic aiming to link these two key parameters. To fill this vacancy, the correspondence between bubble size and frother partitioning was examined. Bubble size was measured by sampling-for-imaging （SFI） technique. Using total organic carbon （TOC） analysis to measure the frother partitioning between froth and bulk phases was determined. Measurements have shown, with no exceptions including four different frothers, higher frother concentration is in the bulk than in the froth. The results also show strong partitioning giving an increase in bubble size which implies there is a compelling relationship between these two, represented byCFroth/CBulk andD32. TheCFroth/CBulk andD32 curves show similar exponential decay relationships as a function of added frother in the system, strongly suggesting that the frother concentration gradient between the bulk solution and the bubble interface is the driving force contributing to bubble size reduction.     

大理岩细观破坏行为的量化分析

对选自四川镜屏二级水电站的大理岩进行带有加载装置的扫描电镜(SEM)细观损伤破坏过程的动态试验.获取试验过程中裂纹生长发育的相关图片,并进行图像处理、分析、可视化和算法开发的研究,获取岩石损伤破坏的过程中的重要参数(长度、面积、角度等),进行损伤破坏特性的量化分析.研究结果表明,加载过程中,长度、方位角、面积等细观结构参数服从一定的分布规律和演化规律;加载过程中分叉裂纹极其发育,加载后期裂纹扩展迅速,最终形成剪切破坏面.