Co-liquefaction of Enriched Coal Maceral Constituents and Sawdust

Co-liquefaction of coal and sawdust was studied in the presence of hydrogen-donor solvent, tetralin. Coal samples were prepared through floatation of the Xinwen coal, followed by enrichment of maceral constituents. Sample I was rich in vitrinite and Sample II fusinite. Effects of reaction temperature, time and initial cold H2 pressure were studied on conversion, yield, especially oil yield, through comparison between these two samples. Because it is more difficult to be liquefied, Sample II, is greatly affected by changes in temperature and time. However, it is almost independent of change in initial cold H2 pressure, owing to the role of tetralin as hydrogen vehicle. Certain product(s) formed from thermolysis of sawdust can help hydrogenation of the intermediate (asphaltene and preasphaltene) in further forming oil products.     

Characteristics of activated carbon prepared from Chinese fir sawdust by zinc chloride activation under vacuum condition

The preparation of activated carbon from Chinese fir sawdust by zinc chloride activation under both nitrogen atmosphere and vacuum conditions was carried out in a self-manufactured vacuum pyrolysis reactor. The effects of the system pressure and the activation condition (nitrogen or vacuum) on pore development were investigated. The results show that both high quality activated carbon and high added-value bio-oil can be obtained simultaneously via vacuum chemical activation. The characteristics of the activated carbons produced under vacuum conditions are better than those prepared under nitrogen atmosphere. The performance parameters of the activated carbon obtained under vacuum conditions are as follows: the pore size distribution is mainly microporous, the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area is 1 070.59 m²/g, the microporous volume is 0.502 4 cm³/g, the average pore size is 2.085 nm, and the iodine adsorption value and the methylene blue adsorption value are 1 142.92 and 131.34 mg/g, respectively. The activated carbon from vacuum chemical activation has developed micropores, and the N₂ adsorption equilibrium constant of the corresponding activated carbon gradually increases with the decrease of reaction system pressure.     

Impact behavior of sawdust/recycled–PP composites

The instrumented Izod and Charpy tests were performed on the sawdust–polypropylene (PP) composites to study the nature of impact resistance in the thermoplastic wood composites. The notched Izod strength was found to increase with filler content in composites containing the Maleic–anhydride–grafted PP (MAPP) additive. The Izod strength even exceeds that of the neat matrix resin at higher filler contents, indicating a methodology for applying the recycled PP and also for reinforcing the thermoplastics with wood powders. While the static tensile results show evidences for the reinforcing role of the wood filler, a fracture mechanics characterization through the Charpy impact tests effects of MAPP under the impact loading rates. The choice of MAPP as the additive was discussed accordingly for application of the sort of materials. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 81: 1420–1428, 2001     

松木屑生物质热解特性研究

以氮气为载气,采用热重分析仪对松木屑进行热解实验,考察了载气流速、升温速率等对松木屑热解过程的影响,求解了热解表观动力学参数。研究表明,松木屑的热解过程分三个阶段,主要热解温度为200～450℃,600℃后热解反应基本完成;载气流速对热解反应影响较小,升温速率对热解反应影响较大;松木屑热解表观活化能在40～70 kJ/mol范围内。     

Effects of silane and MAPE coupling agents on the properties and interfacial adhesion of wood-filled PVC/LDPE blend

Composite samples were prepared from Poly(vinyl chloride)/low-density polyethylene (PVC/LDPE) blend, compatibilized by PA20 (methyl methacrylate-co-butyl acrylate copolymer), and reinforced by different levels of rubber-wood sawdust. To improve the mechanical properties of the composites, Silane A-137 (Octyltriethoxy silane), Silane A-1100 (γ-aminopropyltriethoxy silane), or MAPE (maleic anhydride-grafted-polyethylene) were introduced. It was found that the additions of Silane A-137, Silane A-1100, and MAPE could improve tensile and impact properties of the composites, regardless of the sawdust contents. Physical or chemical interactions for all coupling agents with the wood-PVC/LDPE composites used were proposed in this work. Silane A-137 or MAPE tended to give better improvement in the mechanical properties of the composites than Silane A-1100, because of the presence of the nonpolar chain ends of Silane A-137 or MAPE molecules. Besides, the addition of either Silane A-137 and MAPE or Silane A-1100 and MAPE at different ratios into the wood-PVC/LDPE composites was also studied. The experimental results suggested that the optimum mechanical properties could be obtained using Silane A-137 : MAPE of 1% : 2% wt sawdust. The morphological and thermal properties of the composites were also examined using SEM and DMA techniques, respectively. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008     

Removal of Zinc (II) Ions from Aqueous Solutions Using Surfactant Modified Bamboo Sawdust

The present study explores the ability of surfactant modified bamboo sawdust in removing zinc (II) ions from aqueous solutions. The modified bamboo sawdust is characterized by surface area analysis, Scanning Electron Microscope, and Fourier Transform Infrared and X-ray fluorescence analysis. Adsorption isotherm and kinetic models were used to study the adsorption characteristics of zinc (II) ions onto modified bamboo sawdust. The equilibrium adsorption isotherm data were fitted into the Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms. It was found that modified bamboo sawdust yielded maximum adsorption capacity of 111.12 mg/g at 50°C for zinc (II) ions. The kinetic data obtained at different initial concentrations were analyzed using first-order-reversible reaction, pseudo-first-order, and pseudo-second-order models. The results provide strong evidence to support the hypothesis of adsorption mechanism.     

Removal of Ce(IV) Ions from Aqueous Solutions Using Sawdust Coated by Electroactive Polymers

In this work, adsorption of the Ce(IV) ions onto polypyrrole (PPy) and polyaniline (PAn) conducting electroactive polymers as coated form on sawdust has been investigated. The effect of some important parameters such as initial concentration of the Ce(IV) ion adsorbent dosage, and contact time was studied. The experiments were carried out using both batch and column systems at room temperature. The equilibrium adsorption capacity of sawdust coated by polypyrrole and polyaniline for the removal of Ce(IV) ion was measured and extrapolated using linear Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms. It was found that sawdust modified by PPy and PAn improved the removal efficiency of Ce(IV) ions from aqueous solutions greatly.     

Design of process parameters for the production of xylose from wood sawdust

Meranti wood sawdust (MWS) is a cheap and widely available lignocellulosic biomass, which can be a potential source of xylose. This xylose can be an economic raw material for the production of a wide variety of specialty chemicals, mainly xylitol. It is particularly important to establish rapid hydrolysis conditions, which can yield xylose-rich hydrolysate that do not require further treatment. The aim of this research was to study the effect of residence time, temperature, acid concentration, and liquid to solid ratio (LSR) on the formation of xylose and byproducts. Batch hydrolysis was performed using different levels of residence time (10–120 min), temperature (105–130 °C), H₂SO₄ concentration (2–12%), and LSR (8–20 g/g). One-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) method was followed to select the optimum level of parameters. The residence time, temperature, and acid concentration were found to be the major factors affecting xylose production with the effective level of 60 min, 125 °C, and 4%, respectively. In these conditions, the xylose concentration was 17.9 g/l, corresponding to a yield of above 86% of the potential concentration.     

Fe2O3添加对松木屑热解的影响特性分析

为了探究松木屑粉末在不同比例的Fe_2O_3添加下的焦油产率、残炭产率、气体产率和气体组分的变化规律,采用热重和管式加热炉热解的方法对松木屑粉末进行实验研究。实验在N_2气氛保护下,以50℃/min的速率升温,终温分别为350、450、550、650和750℃时研究松木屑粉末的热解变化规律。实验结果表明:随着温度的升高,在无添加下松木屑粉末的焦油产率和气体产率逐渐升高,而残炭产率有所下降。分析气体组分变化可知,随着温度的升高CO_2下降趋势较为明显,CO与C_nH_m基本保持不变,CH_4与H_2出现明显上升。添加Fe_2O_3可以有效降低松木屑粉末的焦油产率、残炭产率,提升气体产率,原料中Fe_2O_3比例越高效果越明显。添加15%Fe_2O_3在750℃时的焦油产率相比于纯松木屑热解降低4.25%,气体产率提升8.57%,此时的H_2产率为44.42 L/kg,表明Fe_2O_3具有良好的催化效果。     

Impact of hybrid flame retardant on the flammability and thermomechanical properties of wood sawdust polymer composite panel

Wood‐based polymer composites represent a growing interest in the building industry. The fire response of this composite type is a concern to many end users. This study utilizes wood sawdust as reinforcement to develop flame retarded wood sawdust polyester composite (WSPC) panel. Flame retardant (FR) chemicals such as aluminium tri‐hydroxide (ATH), intumescent FR (ammonium polyphosphate [APP] Gum Arabic Powder [GAP]), and the combination of ATH and APP‐GAP (hybrid) at 0%, 12%, and 18% were used to modify the WSPC panel using hand lay‐up compression moulding technique. Tensile and flexural properties, thermal and flammability properties, and macroscopic image observations (MIOs) were examined using universal testing machine, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA/DSC), and the cone calorimeter apparatus (CCA), respectively. The results obtained show that the added nonhybrid FR in the WSPC panel enhanced the tensile and flexural strength while a reduction in the tensile modulus was observed. In the thermal stability, TGA analysis reveals that the added hybrid FR did not exhibit significant change in the thermal stability of the WSPC panel while cone calorimeter results show significant improvement in some fire properties. It can be concluded that the hybrid FR when incorporated in WSPC panel can be of great benefit to the building industry.