Semi-automated feature-tracking of East Antarctic sea ice from Envisat ASAR imagery

While feature tracking of sea ice using cross-correlation methods on pairs of satellite Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images has been extensively carried out in the Arctic, this is not the case in the Antarctic. This is due to the dynamic nature of Antarctic pack ice, its microwave signature, the tendency for SAR swath paths to be poorly aligned with the often narrow sea ice zone around the continent and inadequate satellite sampling. A semi-automated system, known as IPADS (IMCORR [IMageCORRelation] Processing, Analysis and Display System), has been developed to map fast ice and pack ice in Antarctica using multiple pairs of SAR images. The software processing pipeline uses overlapping image pairs which are geocoded and roughly registered using only data contained in the image headers. Next, fast ice maps are rapidly generated using zero motion features located within ocean regions. This also provides precise image registration. Finally, the same image pairs are re-examined for pack ice motion in a slower off-line batch process. The pack and fast ice are identified using a cluster-based search method which compares both location and motion information. Each image pair generates a NetCDF file which adds to a growing database of Antarctic sea ice motion and ice roughness. Five image-pair examples are presented to illustrate the methods used as well as their strengths and limitations. Substantial pack ice motion can often be detected in the marginal ice zone on SAR images only a few days apart.     

Correcting for the influence of frozen lakes in satellite microwave radiometer observations through application of a microwave emission model

The spatial resolution of passive microwave observations from space is of the order of tens of kilometers with currently available instruments, such as the Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I) and Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR-E). The large field of view of these instruments dictates that the observed brightness temperature can originate from heterogeneous land cover, with different vegetation and surface properties.In this study, we assess the influence of freshwater lakes on the observed brightness temperature of AMSR-E in winter conditions. The study focuses on the geographic region of Finland, where lakes account for 10% of the total terrestrial area. We present a method to mitigate for the influence of lakes through forward modeling of snow covered lakes, as a part of a microwave emission simulation scheme of space-borne observations. We apply a forward model to predict brightness temperatures of snow covered sceneries over several winter seasons, using available data on snow cover, vegetation and lake ice cover to set the forward model input parameters. Comparison of model estimates with space-borne observations shows that the modeling accuracy improves in the majority of examined cases when lakes are accounted for, with respect to the case where lakes are not included in the simulation. Moreover, we present a method for applying the correction to the retrieval of Snow Water Equivalent (SWE) in lake-rich areas, using a numerical inversion method of the forward model. In a comparison to available independent validation data on SWE, also the retrieval accuracy is seen to improve when applying the influence of snow covered lakes in the emission model.     

Mapping arctic landfast ice extent using L-band synthetic aperture radar interferometry

In recent years methods have been developed to extract the seaward landfast ice edge from series of remote sensing images, with most of them relying on incoherent change detection in optical, infrared, or radar amplitude imagery. While such approaches provide valuable results, some still lack the required level of robustness and all lack the ability to fully automate the detection and mapping of landfast ice over large areas and long time spans. This paper introduces an alternative approach to mapping landfast ice extent that is based on coherent processing of interferometric L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data. The approach is based on a combined interpretation of interferometric phase pattern and interferometric coherence images to extract the extent and stability of landfast ice. Due to the low complexity of the base imagery used for landfast ice extraction, significant improvements in automation and reduction of required manual interactions by operators can be achieved. A performance analysis shows that L-band interferometric SAR (InSAR) data enable the mapping of landfast ice with high robustness and accuracy for a wide range of environmental conditions.     

深海天然气及其水合物开发模式与钻采技术探讨

中国南海的石油天然气资源十分丰富,但其大多数都埋藏于深水区,油气勘探开发工作面临着许多难题和挑战。历经多年的探索与实践,我国海洋油气钻探工程已经实现了从浅水（水深300 m以内）到超深水（水深超过1 500 m）的跨越,并在南海发现了丰富的天然气与海域天然气水合物（以下简称水合物）资源,亟待进行安全高效开发,因而对相应的天然气及其水合物高效开发模式与技术支撑体系提出了迫切的需求。为此,针对深海天然气及其水合物安全高效开发的重大课题,提出了适用于常规天然气的“水平井或复杂结构井浮式钻完井+水下钻采系统+浮式生产、集输与浮式液化天然气生产储卸装置（FLNG）处理系统+船运外输”的开发模式及其技术支撑体系,以及适用于非常规天然气——海域天然气水合物的“水平井或复杂结构井浮式钻完井+水合物原位分解开采+水下或浮式生产与集输处理系统+管道或船运外输”的开发模式及其技术支撑体系;论述了大位移井、“U”形井等先进井型的开发模式及其适用的海洋地质环境,并给出了“U”形井的连通控制模型;此外,还介绍了与深水钻井力学和设计控制技术相关的研究进展。结论认为,建立先进适用的工程模式及其技术支撑体系,寻求实现“地质—工程—市场”一体化的解决方案,同时加强相关的信息化与智能化建设,是深海天然气及其水合物安全高效开发的关键之所在。     

高纬度地区渠道无冰盖输水的冰情控制研究

中国北方高纬度地区有一些渠道工程,因其建设年代早,受规划之初经济条件限制,未考虑冰期运行,仅在非冰期输水。随着经济发展,目前亟需实现冬季输水。但是受结构上的限制,这些渠道抗冰冻能力差,无法采取冰盖下输水或冰水二相流输水,通过加设保温盖板,防止渠道结冰,既可解决用水矛盾,又可节省工程改造投资,具有巨大的经济效益和社会效益。本研究根据传热学理论对加设保温盖板后的渠道水体失温过程进行理论分析,并在此基础上建立了设置保温盖板的一维渠道冰期输水数学模型,对加设保温盖板的冰期输水过程进行了模拟,分析了保温材料厚度、输水流量、出库水温等对冰期输水的影响,论证渠道冬季加设保温盖板输水的可行性。并提出了切实可行的冬季输水方案。研究成果对于冰期渠道安全输水和渠道改造都有一定的借鉴意义。     

基于遗传算法的SVM冰凌预报模型研究

针对传统支持向量回归参数大多采用经验率定的情况,提出了一种基于遗传算法优化支持向量回归参数的冰凌预报模型.运用MATLAB软件进行建模,并将其应用于黄河宁蒙段三湖河口封、开河日期的预报.结果表明,经过优化的支持向量回归模型泛化能力强,预报效果优于传统支持向量回归模型.     

长峰不规则波数值模拟的相关问题

针对波浪数值水池研究现状,提出了长峰不规则波数值波浪水池研究亟待解决的3个问题:海浪谱的拓展、波能衰减机理讨论及长峰不规则波数值模拟精度评价标准.基于黏性数值波浪水池技术,以文氏海浪谱为目标谱,对深水长峰不规则波进行了数值模拟;分析了数值模拟中波能衰减的主要原因,并提出了基于优化网格生成和离散格式的减小衰减的方法;根据《水面船模耐波性试验规程》对数值模拟结果进行了误差计算,并提出了适用于不规则波数值模拟评价标准的建议.     

黄河内蒙古河段冰凌时空分布特性分析

基于黄河内蒙古段系列历史冰情资料,利用小波分析方法对冰期气温、冰期径流、流凌日期、封河日期、开河日期进行了多时间尺度分析。结果表明:巴彦高勒、三湖河口、头道拐三站的冰期气温总体呈上升的变化规律,并且三站的冰期气温变化趋势一致,黄河内蒙古段冰期气温存在15 a左右的周期;实测径流在分析序列中不存在显著周期;三站流凌日期和封河日期整体上推迟,开河日期提前,封冻时间缩短;流凌日期存在12 a左右的周期,封河日期和开河日期不存在显著强周期。