低磷阻垢剂在低温多效海水淡化过程中的应用

以羟基乙叉二膦酸(HEDP)、端羧基超支化聚酯(CHBP)、水解聚马来酸酐(HPMA)、聚丙烯酸(PAA)为原料,研制出一种具有环保功能的低磷复配高效阻垢剂,利用傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)对CHBP的分子结构进行了表征,通过静态阻垢实验和模拟低温多效蒸馏海水淡化体系下的铜管垢样生长实验考察了低磷阻垢剂的阻垢性能。采用扫描电镜(SEM)和X射线衍射(XRD)分析了垢样的形貌和晶体结构。结果表明,该低磷阻垢剂的最佳配方为m(HEDP)∶m(CHBP)∶m(HPMA)∶m(PAA)=1∶9∶80∶10,在其质量浓度为15 mg/L时,碳酸钙阻垢率为87.5%。阻垢剂中的羧基是阻止碳酸钙垢形成的主要因素。CHBP的引入降低了配方中的总磷含量。加入该阻垢剂后,铜管上垢样的形貌发生了改变,易在水相中悬浮而随水流走,从而难以沉积生长在换热器的表面。     

液膜法从海水中提取溴的工艺研究

本文着重报导了海水提溴的分离工艺，比较了一级分离工艺和二级串联工艺的溴提取率，测定了膜体的溶胀率及溴在物料中的分布。     

4-Hydroxyphenylacetic Acid Attenuated Inflammation and Edema via Suppressing HIF-1α in Seawater Aspiration-Induced Lung Injury in Rats

4-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid (4-HPA) is an active component of Chinese herb Aster tataricus which had been widely used in China for the treatment of pulmonary diseases. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of 4-HPA on seawater aspiration-induced lung injury. Pulmonary inflammation and edema were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) white cell count, Evans blue dye analysis, wet to dry weight ratios, and histology study. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) siRNA and permeability assay were used to study the effect of 4-HPA on the production of inflammatory cytokines and monolayer permeability in vitro. The results showed that 4-HPA reduced seawater instillation-induced mortality in rats. In lung tissues, 4-HPA attenuated hypoxia, inflammation, vascular leak, and edema, and decreased HIF-1α protein level. In primary rat alveolar epithelial cells (AEC), 4-HPA decreased hypertonicity- and hypoxia-induced HIF-1α protein levels through inhibiting the activations of protein translational regulators and via promoting HIF-1α protein degradation. In addition, 4-HPA lowered inflammatory cytokines levels through suppressing hypertonicity- and hypoxia-induced HIF-1α in NR8383 macrophages. Moreover, 4-HPA decreased monolayer permeability through suppressing hypertonicity and hypoxia-induced HIF-1α, which was mediated by inhibiting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in rat lung microvascular endothelial cell line (RLMVEC). In conclusion, 4-HPA attenuated inflammation and edema through suppressing hypertonic and hypoxic induction of HIF-1α in seawater aspiration-induced lung injury in rats.     

海水制浆黑液制备液体防尘涂料及性能研究

为了解决造纸行业水资源短缺、原料短缺以及秸秆制浆黑液难以回收利用等问题,以海水秸秆制浆黑液为介质,以微晶纤维素为填料制备了液体防尘涂料,应用于码头、港口的防尘处理。研究了涂料的组分对涂料粘度、抗水性以及表面张力的影响。结果表明:以海水制浆黑液制备的液体防尘涂料的粒径为461.7nm;添加了2%的瓜尔胶增稠后,粘度达到6107mPa*s;当AKD乳液用量为40%,制浆黑液用量为35%,纤维用量为1%,PAE用量为5%时,制备的液体防尘涂料的表面张力可达30.5mN/m,涂料具有较佳的稳定性以及成膜性。     

The Use of Membranes for Salt Reduction in the UK

Reverse-osmosis membranes, which have been used for reducing the salt content of water since the late 1960s, are available for a variety of desalination applications, ranging from seawater to brackish water and specific species removal, including hardness and organics. In recent years, major advancements have been made in the salt-rejection capabilities and in pressure requirements, which have made the use of membrane technology in water treatment an attractive proposition.
The paper focuses on (i) seawater desalination, reviewing the present study which is being carried out by Anglian Water; (ii) brackish water desalination, in particular a project which is being undertaken by Essex and Suffolk Water, and (iii) well-water desalination, describing a project which is being executed by Anglian Water.     

阴极保护对海水间浸低碳钢的防蚀作用

模拟船舶压载水舱的腐蚀环境,探讨了保护电位、保护电流密度和间浸率及其变化对该环境下Q235B级低碳钢刚极保护效果的影响。结果表明:可从阴极保护电位及其变化推断阴极保护的效渠;海水间浸环境下,起始的大电流阴极极化和后续的小电流维持极化可得到良好的保护效果,且更为经济;推荐海水间浸低碳钢的阴极保护电位判据为-0.95V(SCE)。     

MSF多级闪蒸海水淡化系统的建模与仿真

通过对MSF多级闪蒸过程的机理分析,建立了完整的动态数学模型,与其它文献提供的模型比,考虑了蒸汽密度和级间闪蒸盐水流量变化的影响,仿真计算结果真实地反映了MSF系统动态过程的非线特性。     

海水提铀用偕胺肟基聚合物研究进展

偕胺肟基聚合物是海水提铀用吸附最有效的材料之一。按偕胺肟基聚合物的制备方法即单体共聚法、聚合物改性法、聚合物共混法为线索进行了综述,描述了海水提铀材料中偕胺肟基聚合物的研究现状,提出了以绿色天然原料为基材,具有更高机械强度、高吸铀量、高选择性的吸附剂是今后海水提铀用偕胺肟基聚合物的重要研究方向。     

电子转移活化再生催化剂原子转移自由基聚合法制备吸附剂及其吸铀性能

为满足我国核电事业的发展需求,从海水中提取铀尤为重要。海水中约有45亿吨铀,约是陆地铀资源的千倍。偕胺肟基对铀酰离子有很强的络合能力及较高的选择性,是良好的铀酰离子吸附官能团,因此,偕胺肟基吸附剂的制备是海水提铀的关键步骤之一。以聚氯乙烯（PVC）为基材,通过电子转移活化再生催化剂原子转移自由基聚合（ARGET ATRP）方法合成偕胺肟基纤维吸附剂（PVC-AO）,控制丙烯腈（AN）的用量,制得不同接枝率的吸附剂,用红外光谱分析表明,腈基成功转化为偕胺肟基,用扫描电镜观察不同接枝率吸附剂的表面形貌变化,并用制得不同接枝率吸附剂开展了不同实验温度、不同初始铀酰离子浓度和不同pH条件下的实验,探究了不同接枝率偕胺肟基吸附剂对铀吸附性能的影响。结果表明：偕胺肟基吸附剂吸附铀酰离子的最佳pH为5~6;随着吸附剂接枝率的增加,饱和吸附量和吸附速率均增加,接枝率为5 811%的吸附剂吸附量达到111 mg/g;但随着吸附剂接枝率增加,吸附剂表面产生的凝胶物质会阻碍吸附剂对铀酰离子的吸附。     

正渗透策略和化学清洗海水淡化反渗透膜

为解决海水淡化过程中反渗透膜的污染问题,研究了基于正渗透策略的反渗透产水、模拟反渗透浓水、模拟海水不同的组合清洗和清洗时间对膜通量和截留率的影响。针对不可逆污染,研究了不同化学清洗药剂、浸泡时间、浓度对膜通量和截留率的影响。结果表明,正渗透策略清洗方式中,淡水/模拟反渗透浓水的组合清洗方式效果最佳,其归一化通量从9.48 L/(m²·h·MPa)提升至13.6 L/(m²·h·MPa),截留率从80.59%提升至92.80%。此外,经质量分数为2%的柠檬酸溶液浸泡2 h后,再使用质量分数为1%的乙二胺四乙酸四钠盐和0.3%的三聚磷酸钠溶液浸泡1.5 h,其归一化通量从9.48 L/(m²·h·MPa)提升至14.3 L/(m²·h·MPa),截留率从80.59%提升至96.27%。从SEM和AFM图可以看出,正渗透清洗策略并未对膜表面选择层造成损坏,且可以清洗膜表面的有机污染物和无机污染物,因此,应用这种方法对污染的反渗透膜进行清洗,可延长化学清洗周期,减少化学清洗剂用量,具有一定的工业应用前景。