Study of nucleation activity and application of a nucleating agent to copolypropylene

The influences of nucleating agent content on crystallization peak temperature, crystallization curve shape, crystallization onset temperature, and crystallinity of a copolypropylene were studied in detail by differential scanning calorimetry. The results showed that crystallization onset temperature and crystallization peak temperature increased 17°C–22°C and 15°C–19°C, respectively, with increasing nucleating agent content. The behavior of the nucleating agent showed excellent efficiency. But the shape of the crystallization curve broadened with increasing nucleating agent content, and the crystallinity came to an extremum when the nucleating agent content was 0.2%. These results generally differed from those for crystallization of i‐PP by a nucleating agent. Modification of copolypropylene was studied by use of a nucleating agent, and the characteristics of the effects of the nucleating agent on copolypropylene were mastered. The results showed that the hardness of a copolypropylene improved observably. So the abrasion resistance of biaxially oriented polypropylene (BOPP) film for cigarette packaging was improved by adopting the modified copolypropylene as the skin‐layer heat‐seal material of BOPP film. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101:3915–3919, 2006     

新一代喷涂聚脲路面标线涂料

简述了国内路标漆的发展概况,介绍了聚天冬氨酸酯聚脲路标漆的原理、配方及应用性能。针对目前国内各种路标漆的优缺点,将聚天冬氨酸酯聚脲路标漆与它们进行比较,发现聚天冬氨酸酯聚脲路标漆具有快干、耐磨、反光效果好、施工速度快、重涂性好等优点,特别适用于路面标线涂料的应用。     

三峡工程泥沙问题研究60年回顾

对60 a来三峡工程泥沙问题研究的历程、主要研究结论作了简要综述。三峡水库初期蓄水运用以来的泥沙实测资料与预测对比分析表明:三峡水库上游来沙减少的趋势与初步设计阶段预测基本一致,但减少的进程有所提前;三峡水库泥沙淤积量远小于预测值;坝下游河床冲刷量与预测值基本一致,河床冲刷范围则大于预测;坝下游河床冲刷对防洪与航运的影响与预测基本一致;三峡工程泥沙问题总体上未超出论证与初步设计阶段的预测。在此基础上提出三峡工程正常运行期泥沙问题研究的建议,其中关于排沙调度方面,应按控制水库防洪库容年损失率小于1 000万m~3/a,以及变动回水区上、中段无累积性泥沙淤积的要求制定排沙调度方案,以长期发挥三峡工程的综合效益。     

Combinatorial chemistry methods for coating development: VI. Correlation of high throughput screening methods with conventional measurement techniques

Combinatorial chemistry has proven to be a valuable tool for the development of new compounds. In the pharmaceutical industry, where combinatorial chemistry began, the approach has been instrumental in the high-speed development of new drugs. Due to the overwhelming success of the combinatorial methodology in the pharmaceutical industry, it has been recently applied to materials development. We have recently developed a combinatorial factory capable of preparing and evaluating on the order of 100 organic clear coatings in a day.

One of the most challenging aspects of the creation of the combinatorial factory was the development of the high throughput screening (HTS) methods for the primary coating properties of interest such as optical clarity, abrasion resistance, adhesion, and weatherability. For each property, an entirely new method was developed that allowed for rapid measurement of these properties on very small samples. This paper describes various aspects of the development of these novel measurement systems including the correlation of the HTS methods with conventional, industry standard measurement methods.     

Phase transitions of canola oil sediment

Canola sediment was obtained from an industrial filter cake by solvent extraction. When heated in the differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) (5–100°C), the sediment exhibited a single narrow melting peak at around 74.8°C. No solid-state polymorphic transformation of the material could be detected over this temperature range. The X-ray powder diffraction pattern of canola sediment resembled waxes from other sources with an orthorhombic unit cell. The phase transition behavior of canola sediment in oil was studied by both DSC and polarizing microscopy. With increasing ratio of oil/sediment, a reduction in both melting temperature and transition enthalpy was observed. The shape of the supercooling curve resembled that of the melting curve. The induction time was determined by spectrophotometry and was used to calculate the interfacial free energyσ between sediment and oil; σ=4.71 erg/cm². The effect of temperature and sediment concentration on the clouding time of canola oil was studied; the clouding time was the shortest at 5°C.     

某抽水蓄能电站下库进出水口水沙运动特性试验研究

利用河工模型对某抽水蓄能电站下库区进行了特征洪水过程及电站运行的联合模拟试验。试验表明在输沙槽与拦沙潜堰共同作用下,电站进出水口的含沙量得到有效控制。在来水含沙量低于3kg/m3时,进出水口含沙量都满足电站运行要求,但是在含沙量较高的洪水期,底部浑水会逆行至电站进出水口附近,导致过机含沙量较高,因此提出了增设非封闭式拦沙潜坝的修改方案。修改方案改善了进出水口前的水流结构,起到了良好的拦沙截淤作用,进出水口前含沙量及泥沙淤积大幅减少,蓄能期过机含沙量降低13%~22%。在含沙量较大的洪水期,电站不宜抽水运用,但适时采用发电运行有助于减轻下库进出水口前的泥沙淤积。     

长江口不同河段表层细颗粒泥沙絮凝特性

利用长江口的现场观测资料分析河口不同区段表层细颗粒泥沙絮凝特性及其影响因素。结果表明:在河口上段水域,流速对絮凝表现为破坏作用,盐度是"制约"条件,流速和浊度对絮团影响明显,絮团平均粒径约为40.69mm,是分散粒径的4倍左右;口门最大浑浊带水域絮团峰值出现在憩流或者中等流速处,高盐度抑制、低盐度促进絮团生长,小潮时流速影响最明显、大潮时则是盐度,絮团平均粒径小潮为28.54mm、大潮35.17mm,是分散粒径2~3倍左右;北港口外,絮团生长或者破碎频繁,流速表现出促进作用,盐度有抑制作用,盐度对絮团影响最大,絮团平均粒径约为110.36mm,是分散粒径的18倍左右。     

沙棘柔性坝拦沙效应的试验研究

在野外试验基地进行了沙棘柔性坝拦沙效应试验。基于试验数据,分析了不同含沙水流条件下沙棘柔性坝对沿程含沙量及出入口悬沙粒径分布的影响,并探讨了沙棘柔性坝的阻力特性。结果表明,沙棘柔性坝对不同含沙水流的拦沙效果显著不同,对原型沙B的拦截效果最好,其次为原型沙A,最后为模型沙。对250~1 000μm粒径范围内的原型沙拦截效果最佳,且原型沙含沙量与中值粒径之间呈现正相关关系,对100~1 000μm粒径范围内的模型沙的拦截效果较好。各不同含沙水流条件下的沿程含沙量主要受沙棘柔性坝阻力的影响。本研究有助于深入理解沙棘柔性坝的拦沙效应,并对沙棘植物柔性坝这一生态工程在砒砂岩区沟道的推广应用提供理论依据。     

国际泥沙计划案例研究综述

在全球变化等多种因素的影响下,许多流域的泥沙问题严重,泥沙管理的重要性日益突出。通过对联合国教科文组织国际泥沙计划所开展的案例研究进行综述,认识到自然地理特征、社会经济条件、水利工程建设对流域产沙、输沙和水资源利用有重要影响。土壤侵蚀加速、水库淤积、下游输沙量减少和生态平衡破坏是目前全球各大流域面临的主要问题。综合各项案例,研究泥沙管理技术,提出流域综合泥沙管理的策略,包括水库淤积管理、推移质泥沙管理、土地管理和水土保持等技术手段,以及法律、行政和组织措施。     

云南蒋家沟黏性泥石流输沙的涨落特征

间歇性阵流是山区小流域发生的黏性泥石流活动的基本形式,其输沙特性表现出一定的间歇性和涨落特性,其涨落可达均值的2~4个数量级。利用Hurst指数分析了蒋家沟近50年的数千阵泥石流观测资料,发现间歇性阵流的流量、径流量、输沙量序列的Hurst指数均大于0.5,说明序列具有一定程度的长程关联性。同时,对比阵流序列与洪峰序列,发现泥石流阵流的长程关联性强于洪峰序列。另一方面,输沙量的累积百分比均满足统一的指数分布形式:P(S)=CS~(-μ)exp(-S/S_c),其中μ越大意味着序列中输沙量较小的阵次越多;S_c表示的是阵流输沙的涨落情况,即S_c越大,阵流输沙的涨落越大。