黄河内蒙古段干流沉积物中砷含量及形态研究

为探明黄河内蒙古段沉积物中砷含量及形态分布特征,采集黄河内蒙古段干流柱状沉积物,采用HNO4-H2SO4-HCl O4法消解沉积物样品,提取沉积物中吸附型砷(A-As)、铝型砷(Al-As)、铁型砷(Fe-As)、钙型砷(CaAs)、包蔽型砷(O-As)5种形态砷,并采用氢化物发生原子荧光分光光度法测定砷含量。结果表明:黄河内蒙古段干流柱状沉积物中砷含量为7.123~16.661 mg/kg,平均为9.292 mg/kg;从整体上看,左岸沉积物砷含量高于右岸,随深度增加砷含量呈下降趋势,从上游至下游砷含量在黑柳子段出现高值;黄河内蒙古段沉积物中砷以Ca-As为主,O-As次之;随着深度的增加,总体上,Ca-As含量略有升高,A-As和O-As含量有所下降,Al-As和Fe-As含量基本不变。     

取水工程附近河床冲淤规律数值模拟研究

取水口处的泥沙淤积问题关系到取水工程能否安全运行,从水流、河势角度论证了取水口布置的合理性,并减少取水对航道及防洪影响的必要性。以长江九江湖口水道某电厂取水口为例,采用平面二维水沙数学模型研究了取水口附近局部流态、河床冲淤、取水工程处悬沙含量等的变化规律,并对附近河床近期变化进行了预测。计算条件采用丰、中、枯典型年和典型系列年水沙条件,系列年考虑三峡工程和上游水库调度的影响。通过分析计算结果,选择了较优取水口方案,并推荐了适宜的取水口标高。研究结果表明,同一河段取水工程处河床冲淤规律受来水来沙条件和取水工程位置处的局部地形的共同影响。     

Floc architecture of bioflocculation sediment by ESEM and CLSM

Sediment flocculation is a critical component for the understanding of cohesive sediment dynamics. Traditionally, the referred study has largely been devoted to forming mechanism, influencing factors and physicochemical sediment conditions of all kinds of organic-flocculation and inorganic-flocculation. However, during the last decade, the bioflocculation of sediment by biological activity has been given increasing attention. But most studies have focused on the interrelations between biological and sedimentological variables. With the assistance of a newly developed field kit and correlative microscopy (which includes environmental scanning electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy), this article begins to bridge the resolution gap between sediment particles and biological activities as well as its metabolic products biofilm, in order to better understand the role of polymeric material biofilm in floc ultrastructure and outward floc behavior of bioflocculation sediment. Results have demonstrated that bioflocculation sediment was observed to be composed of complex networks of biofilm and appeared to be of complicated physical floc structures. The biofilm was found to embed particles and permeate the void space, representing the dominant physical bridging mechanism of the flocs and contributed to the extensive surface area, architecture characteristics, and mechanical properties of bioflocculation sediment.     

堰塞坝局部溃决输沙率试验研究

本文设计9组堰塞坝溃决的水槽试验,用摄影记录坝体变形的过程,通过录影数据分析,将坝体变形过程数值化,研究坝体级配、坝体内坡和初始溃口宽度对最大输沙率的影响.根据观察到的现象,可以总结以下规律:内坡坡度越大,最大输沙率越大,峰现时刻越早出现;拣选系数越大,最大输沙率先增大,随着粗沙继续增加,反而减小;初始溃口宽度越小,最大输沙率越大,峰现时刻越晚出现.     

峡江水利枢纽电站取水防沙试验研究

为解决峡江水利枢纽泥沙淤塞库区,避免泥沙进入电站,对取水防沙原设计方案试验中存在的问题进行了分析.改进了拦沙坎的布置方案,提出拦沙坎头部上延与上游自然河湾平顺衔接,以使形成的人工弯道环流导流排沙方案为最优取水防沙方案.探讨了优化方案的取水防沙效果,提出了运行时应注意的事项.     

三峡水库175 m试验性蓄水过程水文泥沙分析

为掌握三峡水库175 m试验性蓄水过程中库区水位、流量、含沙量变化过程,通过三峡库区寸滩、清溪场、万县、朱沱（三）水文站实测的水位、流量、含沙量、水面比降资料,分析了蓄水过程中三峡库区沿程水面比降、库区水文站的水位流量关系、含沙量变化、库区冲淤变化等。分析结果为认识掌握三峡水库175 m蓄水后库区水文泥沙的变化规律积累了资料,对探索三峡库区水文泥沙的监测方式和分析研究将具有积极作用。     

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON SEDIMENT RESUSPENSION IN TAIHU LAKE UNDER DIFFERENT HYDRODYNAMIC DISTURBANCES

Contaminants resuspension in sediments induced by wind-wave could influence the water quality in shallow lakes. Resuspension of surface sediments from the Zhushan Bay, Taihu Lake was simulated under different wind forcing by using a pneumatic annular flume in this study. Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter (ADV) was used to measure flow velocity at each wind speed, and the characteristics of sediment resuspension were studied with the layered sampling technology. The experimental results show that the flow velocity increases with wind speed obviously and 6m/s is a critical wind speed which affected hydrodynamic conditions significantly. The distribution of flow velocity and water depth is different from that in ordinary open channel. With the enhanced hydrodynamic factors, the Suspended Solids Concentration (SSC) in water increases accordingly, and the incipient velocity of sediment resuspension is about 0.21 m/s. Based on the analysis of wind speed and average SSC in water column, the quantitative relationship is obtained. The SSC of the bottom layer is higher than the content of surface layer under different hydrodynamic conditions, and there are similar distributions between SSC and flow velocity in different water layers.     

采用浊度监测实现悬移质泥沙监测自动化的探讨

介绍了南宁水文站通过对水体浊度参数测试,得到浊度与含沙量关系,研究新悬移质泥沙监测模式,实现悬移质泥沙监测自动化,推进水文信息化进程适应经济发展,为防灾减灾决策,及时、准确提供科学依据。     

浅析东雷抽黄灌区泵站更新改造设计中的几个重要环节

通过渭南市东雷抽黄大型灌溉泵站的更新改造设计,提出泵站在改造设计中应注意的几个重要环节,以期为其他大型灌排泵站的更新改造提供参考与帮助。     

深覆盖层河道闸坝电站防沙布置试验研究

某闸坝式水电站坝址覆盖层深厚,河道欠宽阔,发电引用流量比例较高,受调节库容限制,库区泥沙将很快输移到达坝前,引水防沙问题突出。本文对施工围堰作为其电站枢纽引水防沙体系的效果进行了水工模型试验研究和分析。对四种挡沙坎布置型式进行了对比试验研究。表明,利用原有挡水围堰,结合纵向挡沙坎与排沙底孔联合作用既有利于施工方便,拉沙效果又较好,可达到电站＂门前清＂,较好的解决了大流量闸坝式电站的引水与防沙之间的矛盾。本研究成果的成功实施可减少工程投资,缩短工期,尤其对于在低水头、大单宽的多沙河流上修建的闸坝工程具有较好的借鉴意义。