Modeling and analysis of effects of precipitation and vegetation coverage on runoff and sediment yield in Jinsha River Basin

This paper focuses on the effects of precipitation and vegetation coverage on runoff and sediment yield in the Jinsha River Basin. Results of regression analysis were taken as input variables to investigate the applicability of the adaptive network-based fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) to simulating annual runoff and sediment yield. Correlation analysis indicates that runoff and sediment yield are positively correlated with the precipitation indices, while negatively correlated with the vegetation indices. Furthermore, the results of stepwise regression show that annual precipitation is the most important factor influencing the variation of runoff, followed by forest coverage, and their contributions to the variation of runoff are 69.8% and 17.3%, respectively. For sediment yield, rainfall erosivity is the most important factor, followed by forest coverage, and their contributions to the variation of sediment yield are 49.3% and 24.2%, respectively. The ANFIS model is of high precision in runoff forecasting, with a relative error of less than 5%, but of poor precision in sediment yield forecasting, indicating that precipitation and vegetation coverage can explain only part of the variation of sediment yield, and that other impact factors, such as human activities, should be sufficiently considered as well.     

基于虚拟仪器的底质声学测试系统设计

为解决在不具备海洋远洋原位测试的情况下仍然需要对沉积物进行还原海底环境声学测试的问题,将虚拟仪器技术应用于沉积物测试中,建立可以在实验室中还原海底环境的声学测试系统。采用虚拟仪器智能判断首波的方法测试沉积物在相应环境的声速,应用虚拟仪器频谱分析技术实现对超声波信号的滤波及分析,利用Labview工具编写软件实现超声测试与温度和压力的测量与控制同步。建立小尺度地质物理模型可以通过对海洋底质沉积物样品施以温度、压力控制,在实验室内还原海底特殊环境,同时对沉积物样品进行超声无损探测。在测试系统平台上对远洋获取的沉积物进行声速测试实验,对比传统方法测试实验,实验结果表明测试系统操作简单、可还原样品环境、实用性强。     

水流含沙量和流速对水轮机磨蚀性能的影响

水流含沙量和流速是影响水轮机磨蚀性能的非常重要的两大因素,其影响规律对水轮机磨蚀的防治有很重要的理论意义和参考价值.采用黄河原型沙,通过试验研究不同泥沙含量和不同水流流速条件下水轮机材料的磨蚀外貌、磨蚀失重量和磨蚀失重率.通过对试验结果进行定性和定量分析,得到水轮机磨蚀与水流含沙量、磨蚀与水流流速之间的关系,并得到数学回归式,找出水轮机磨蚀的基本规律,为多泥沙河流水轮机的参数选择与磨蚀防治提供了依据.     

冲积河流稳定平衡条件与断面几何形态的数理分析

冲积河流稳定平衡条件长期以来被认为无闭合解,致使众多经验假说得以应用。本文通过将两个无量纲断面形态参数宽深比和边坡角度引入到冲积河流三大基本运动方程中,详细分析了推移质输沙率与这两个变量之间的复杂关系,从数学上推导得出冲积河流达到稳定平衡的水动力学条件是推移质输沙率最大。河流达到稳定平衡时的过水断面形态数学表达式表明,天然冲积河流在平滩水位时所展现的水力几何关系是河流通过调整过水断面形态达到的稳定平衡的结果。     

瓯江河口入海水沙通量的变化规律

根据瓯江流域圩仁水文站1950-2008年的实测流量资料和1956-1998年的实测输沙量资料,采用水文学和数理统计学方法,分析瓯江河口入海水、沙通量的变化规律及其相关性,并对人类活动的影响进行了探讨。研究结果表明:瓯江多年平均入海流量和悬沙通量分别为442m3/s、61.9kg/s;入海水、沙通量具有明显的年际和季节变化特征,沙通量的变幅要大于水通量;瓯江洪枯季流量、输沙量悬殊,洪峰暴涨暴落,是输水、输沙最集中时期;入海水、沙通量之间具有较好的峰、谷对应关系,但1975年特大洪水导致流域侵蚀模量发生较大变化;紧水滩、石塘水库的建成和运行,对瓯江入海径流起到了明显的调节作用,水沙通量年内分配趋于均匀化。     

水沙动力学适用牛顿流体的基本方程

通过改进蔡树棠两相流基本方程的相间阻力项,建立能够进行二维解析研究的水沙动力学基本方程.该研究给出沙相压力和沙相粘性切应力的学科定义,以及它们的本构关系.对于牛顿流体,当输沙稳定时,挟沙水流的能坡与清水并无差别.沙相压力的二阶导数不为零是泥沙扩散条件,也是凹岸冲、凸岸淤自然现象的力学本质.蔡树棠方程隐含着流体的粘性切应力按运动组成可以分解或叠加的物理性质.正是这个结构性特点,给了解答浑水粘性这个古老的力学难题的方法,使我们能够完整地推导出牛顿流体沙相运动学粘滞系数vs公式;推导并证明了浑水综合粘滞系数μm=εv+ svνs,而不是习惯使用的μm=v+svvs.探讨了影响vs值的一些复杂因素,如颗粒表面束缚水的影响.本文研究能够证明:对分散相应用连续介质原理不仅可行,且是遵从压力传递规律惟一的正确方法.而揭示粘性切应力的结构性,在多相流和流变学领域具有深远的意义.     

泥沙起动流速的随机分析

泥沙起动流速是河流泥沙动力学基本概念之一,对泥沙运动及河床冲淤变形研究有着重要意义.天然河流中的泥沙运动多处在紊流状态下,其影响因素极其复杂,具有显著的随机性.本文在总结前人研究成果的基础上,从流体力学层面论述了以作用于泥沙颗粒上的局部流速表示泥沙起动流速的合理性,进一步拓展分析,指出了以往公式的不足,给出了以局部点流速表示的包括散粒体与粘性颗粒在内的全沙起动流速公式,继而与各家公式作了对比;基于随机理论,给出了泥沙普遍动、少量动、个别动的判据,并将均值流速概率化,扩展了泥沙颗粒起动的范围与认知.     

泥石流泥沙输移比的概念与计算方法探讨

通过泥石流SDR,可将泥石流流域侵蚀产沙、泥沙输移及泥石流沟道和入汇处主河河床演化有机地联系起来,用于推求流域的土壤侵蚀量,泥石流沟道的冲刷与淤积状况,泥石流所输送的泥沙进入主河的数量,以及对下游河道演变、水库使用年限的影响程度等方面。但目前泥石流SDR的研究还没有开始,在分析泥石流输沙特征的基础上,将SDR引入泥石流输沙的研究中,并将泥石流SDR分解为反映泥石流沟输沙能力的沟道泥石流SDR和反映主河输移泥石流泥沙能力的汇口泥石流SDR两个环节。给出了根据定义使用实际的监测数据计算两类泥石流SDR的具体方法,并在蒋家沟中实施,计算出蒋家沟2007年的一场泥石流过程中沟道SDR为0.14,入汇主河后的悬移质汇口泥石流SDR为0.36。泥石流SDR的模型计算法方面也根据定性分析列出了可能的影响因子,在总结河流SDR的研究成果和分析泥石流输沙特性的基础上进行了模型建立方法的初步探讨。     

Bias in bacteriophage morphological classification by transmission electron microscopy due to breakage or loss of tail structures

Virtually every study that has used transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to estimate viral diversity has acknowledged that loss of phage tails during sample preparation may have biased the results. However, the magnitude of this potential bias has yet to be constrained. To characterize biases in virus morphological diversity due to tail loss, six phage strains representing the order Caudovirales were inoculated into sterile sediments and soils. Phage particles were then extracted using standard methods. Morphologies of extracted phage particles were compared to those of unmanipulated control samples to determine the extent of tail breakage incurred by extraction procedures. Podoviruses exhibited the smallest frequency of tail loss during extraction (1.2-14%), myoviruses were moderately susceptible to tail breakage (15-40%), and siphoviruses were highly susceptible (32-76%). Thus, TEM assessments of viral diversity in soils or sediments by distribution of tail morphologies may be biased toward podoviruses and virions lacking tails, while simultaneously underestimating the abundance of siphoviruses. However, since the majority of viral capsids observed under TEM were intact, estimates of viral diversity based on the distribution of capsid diameters may provide a more reliable basis for morphological comparisons within and across ecosystems.     

流域水沙资源优化配置研究综述

水沙合理配置是影响河流健康的重要环境课题,正确认识水沙灾害和水沙利用的相互关系,开展流域水沙资源联合优化配置研究具有重要意义。本文系统地分析与总结了流域水沙资源联合优化配置研究的进展状况,包括局部流域的水土保持规划、水库水沙联合调度运用、灌区水沙输移分配和全流域范围的水沙资源优化配置理论与数学模型研究现状,探讨了目前流域水沙资源优化配置理论、模型、方案和评价中存在的问题,提出了未来流域水沙资源优化配置研究的发展方向。