泥沙起动研究的伊辛和重整化群方法探讨

为探讨泥沙起动的物理机制和临界概率,把泥沙起动作为一种临界现象,与连续相变进行类比,应用临界现象、连续相变和重整化群的原理和方法建立了泥沙成片起动的二维伊辛模型和二维重整化群模型及算法。通过综合分析得到泥沙成片起动的一个临界概率,其阈值约为0.42,该值与已有实验和观测结果基本接近。把泥沙运动力学和分形动力学相结合探讨了床面起动的物理机制。研究结果表明:床面整体起动和DLA(受限制的扩散凝聚)集团的分形生长有类似的物理机制,对阈值小于0.5就能引起床面整体起动给出了一个物理诠释。该新思想和新方法的引入对探讨推移质整体启动这类复杂现象是有所裨益的。     

黄河内蒙古段干流沉积物中砷含量及形态研究

为探明黄河内蒙古段沉积物中砷含量及形态分布特征,采集黄河内蒙古段干流柱状沉积物,采用HNO4-H2SO4-HCl O4法消解沉积物样品,提取沉积物中吸附型砷(A-As)、铝型砷(Al-As)、铁型砷(Fe-As)、钙型砷(CaAs)、包蔽型砷(O-As)5种形态砷,并采用氢化物发生原子荧光分光光度法测定砷含量。结果表明:黄河内蒙古段干流柱状沉积物中砷含量为7.123~16.661 mg/kg,平均为9.292 mg/kg;从整体上看,左岸沉积物砷含量高于右岸,随深度增加砷含量呈下降趋势,从上游至下游砷含量在黑柳子段出现高值;黄河内蒙古段沉积物中砷以Ca-As为主,O-As次之;随着深度的增加,总体上,Ca-As含量略有升高,A-As和O-As含量有所下降,Al-As和Fe-As含量基本不变。     

床沙粒径及级配对非均匀沙起动的影响分析

对Wu W.等的荫暴系数计算方法进行了修正,根据滚动起动模型建立了以荫暴系数为主要参数的起动底流速公式,在此基础上理论探讨了暴露程度、床沙各分组泥沙粒径及其质量比对泥沙起动的影响,并论述了非均匀沙起动中完全暴露、完全荫蔽和极限跃移3种极限起动情况。结果表明:1非均匀沙起动底流速随着荫暴系数的增大而减小,荫暴系数越大,泥沙越容易起动;2在由两种粒径泥沙组成的非均匀沙中,粗颗粒的荫暴系数在定义域上均随着细颗粒床沙比例和粗细颗粒比例的增大而增大,即细颗粒比例越大,粗细颗粒间粒径差异越大,粗颗粒越容易起动;细颗粒的荫暴系数在定义域上随着细颗粒床沙比例的增大而增大、粗细颗粒比例的增大而减小,即细颗粒的比例愈大,细颗粒愈容易起动,且起动规律渐趋于和均匀沙的相仿,粗细颗粒粒径相差愈大,细颗粒受到的荫蔽作用愈显著,其起动流速也愈大。     

基于RBF神经网络的黄河含沙量测量数据融合研究

针对黄河含沙量高、泥沙时空分布不均和环境变化显著等特点,提出了采用电容式差压法来测量黄河含沙量,建立了基于RBF神经网络的含沙量测量的数学模型。将含沙量信息值与温度、深度和流速值作为RBF网络的输入,进行含沙量测量的反演和误差分析。试验结果表明,基于RBF的数据融合方法能够有效地消除环境影响,提高系统测量的精度和稳定性。     

白石水库泥沙淤积与减淤方法的研究

白石水库泥沙淤积严重,牤牛河与大凌河交汇区的淤积尤其严重,将形成"拦门沙坎"把库区分成上下两部分,影响白石水库正常运行。文章分析认为水库初设时的异重流排沙和泄空排沙的减淤方法,受各种客观因素制约,无法实施,并对牤牛河交汇区挖槽减淤方案进行了试验研究,证明挖槽减淤对减缓库区淤积效果十分显著。     

窗口坝拦截泥石流性能试验研究

泥石流窗口坝是一种常见的泥石流防治工程措施,具有拦砂节流、护床固坡等重要调节功能。为了探寻泥石流的过坝特征,通过室内模拟试验,运用控制变量的方法对不同类型泥石流的过坝情况进行了探讨。试验发现,泥石流过坝前后颗粒组成的变化与泥石流密度相关性较大,在泥石流密度为1 650 kg/m³时,窗口坝对泥石流的筛选能力最强;泥石流过坝后密度降低情况较明显,并且受泥石流窗口坝闭塞类型的影响,不同闭塞类型下泥石流密度降低率具有相似规律,在泥石流密度为1 800 kg/m³左右时,泥石流密度降低率最大;通过回归分析得到了拦排比L与泥石流密度γ_c的关系式。     

最佳鳃片倾斜角下分离鳃内部流场的数值模拟

采用均匀试验设计理论对鳃片倾斜角α与β进行数值模拟方案的设计,通过采用Fluent软件中的欧拉模型,以鳃片3上表面的泥沙速度作为考核指标,对不同鳃片倾斜角下的分离鳃速度流场进行模拟。运用投影寻踪回归分析法(PPR)对数值计算结果进行了分析,得出鳃片β倾斜角对分离鳃水沙分离效果影响是最大的,其次是鳃片α倾斜角的影响;当鳃片倾斜角的组合为α=60°与β=45°时,分离鳃中的速度流场有利于水沙的快速分离且水沙分离效果最佳。     

Relationship between nutrient pollutants and suspended sediments in upper reaches of Yangtze River

In order to study the relationship between nutrient pollutants and suspended sediments(SS) in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River and two tributaries, water samples were collected from September 1, 2010 to September 30, 2011 at the Zhutuo, Cuntang, Beibei, Wulong, Qingxichang,Wanxian, and Fengjie cross-sections. In the laboratory, the SS concentration and the concentration of SS whose particle size was smaller than0.02 mm were measured. The phosphorus(P), nitrogen(N), and permanganate index(CODMn) concentrations in the natural water sample, the settled water sample, and two types of filtered water samples obtained through filter membranes with pore sizes of 0.02 mm and 0.45 mm were monitored synchronously. The results show that there are strong relationships between the P and CODMnconcentrations and the SS concentration. P mainly exists in particulate form, while N mainly exists in dissolved form. SS whose particle size is smaller than 0.02 mm accounts for a high proportion of sediments in the Yangtze River and has a strong effect on water quality. At the seven cross-sections, the amounts of P, N, and CODMnin particulate form in the wet season are higher than in the dry season and the adsorption amounts of P, N, and CODMnper unit mass of sediment are higher in the dry season than in the wet season.     

20世纪80年代以来珠江三角洲网河区河性演变

针对20世纪80年代以来珠江三角洲网河受大规模采沙影响,其河道特性发生的显著变化,基于实测资料,从网河区河道的河床演变、水沙条件、同流量水位变化、西江和北江分流分沙变化、河槽容积及河道行洪能力等方面分析了珠三角网河区河性的演变情况。结果表明:20世纪80年代以来,网河区河床下切严重,来流量变化不大,来沙量大幅下降,同流量下水位下降明显,思贤滘对西江、北江的分水分沙有所调整,河槽容积增大,河道的行洪能力提高。随着规模取沙的减少,2005年后网河区河道进入新的平衡演变阶段。     

Exploring Particle Density Effects on Partial Mobility of Steelhead Spawning Gravels

Yellowbank Creek is a small stream in coastal central California being assessed for salmonid habitat limiting factors and restoration potential. Yellowbank flows through low‐density marine mudstone bedrock, which is the gravel source for the stream. To assess the potential effects of the low‐density substrate on spawning gravels, a tracer stone study comparing the incipient motion of low‐density mudstone particles and typical density granitic particles was used to populate a logistic regression particle entrainment model. A model comparison approach was used to test the strength of the model. Results demonstrate partial mobility of both mudstone and granitic particles under boundary shear conditions ranging from 6.9 to 42.2 N m^‐2. The modelling results quantify the strong negative correlation between particle entrainment and particle density. Mudstone gravel was three times more likely to be entrained than granitic gravel, within the context of the experimental conditions. The effect of density difference on partial mobility was greater in smaller grain size fractions. This work has implications for salmonid spawning success in atypical geologic settings and may assist in prioritization of restoration efforts. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.