高水头混流式水轮机内部固液两相流数值分析

针对泥沙直径对混流式水轮机蜗壳和导水机构内部流场产生影响的问题进行了初步研究,采用固液两相流模型对某电站的高水头混流式水轮机进行了全流道数值模拟,通过单一变量法来研究不同来流泥沙的直径对蜗壳和导水机构内部压力及泥沙分布产生的影响。研究结果表明:与清水相比,含沙水流会不同程度地使蜗壳和导水机构内部的水压力载荷增加,在相同工况下,蜗壳底部、蜗壳鼻端、固定导叶和活动导叶头部的泥沙浓度较大;小直径下泥沙分布均匀,随着泥沙直径的增加,泥沙浓度的梯度变大,泥沙分布更加集中,从而会使磨损加剧。该研究成果可为在含沙水流中运行的水轮机设计提供参考。     

海河流域典型河流沉积物粒度特征及分布规律

为了解海河流域典型河流沉积物粒度参数空间分布规律,对海河典型河流的表层沉积物进行采集并利用Mstersize2000激光粒度仪进行粒度分析。结果表明,海河典型河流沉积物平均粒径差异显著,分选状况总体较差;山区水系与平原水系相比,沉积物平均粒径减小,呈集中分布,水动力减弱;山区自北向南变化明显,水系沉积物平均粒径减小,分布集中化,分选状况变差,由极正偏-正偏,向对称方向变化,峰度向平坦方向趋近,水动力减弱,符合粒径自然变化规律;平原区水系沉积物粒径参数表明南北变化不明显,因受较多支流、河流-湖泊-洼淀湿地等复杂系统和人为干扰强烈的影响,南北无显著变化规律。总的来说,海河流域河流受人为干扰强度较大,河流沉积物源较为复杂,栖息地物理完整性差。     

灞河流域气候因子对水沙变化的影响

利用灞河流域蓝田气象站和马渡王水文站1960—2012年的气象、水文实测资料,分析灞河流域气候及水沙变化规律,同时运用相关性分析、灰色关联分析、多元线性回归模型等多种方法探讨了该流域水沙变化与气候变化的关系。结果表明:灞河流域降雨量、蒸发量、径流量和输沙量皆呈显著下降趋势,而气温呈上升趋势;降雨量与水沙都有重要的相关关系,1960—1990年影响径流量的气候因子敏感度由大至小依次为降雨量、气温、蒸发量,而1991—2012年则为降雨量、蒸发量、气温,当气温和蒸发量不变时,降雨量每增加1 mm,两阶段的年径流量分别增加0.14亿m3和0.08亿m3;1960—2012年影响输沙量的气候因子敏感度由大至小依次为降雨量、气温、蒸发量,当气温和蒸发量不变时,降雨量每增加1 mm,年输沙量增加0.668万t。     

电石渣在酸性废水治理中的应用

叙述了用电石渣做中和剂，治理酸性废水的“以废治废”方法，阐述了电石渣与酸性废水的反应原理运行方式及沉渣产生量的计算方法，并列举了两个应用实例。     

黄河宁夏段河道淤积发展趋势分析

对黄河宁夏段河道淤积因素进行了分析论述,根据实测水文资料和径流模型对现状条件下宁夏河道泥沙淤积发展趋势进行了预测分析：2011—2020年年平均来水量可能为260亿～280亿m^3;2011—2020年宁夏河段的淤积情况可能与1986--1995年淤积情况相近,主槽年淤积速率可能为0．02～0．03m,如若支流来沙量大则年均淤积速率将可能达到0．05m,甚至更大一些．     

ECOMSED三维悬沙扩散数值模型在凤城港航道清淤工程建设中的应用

文章用ECOMSED三维近岸水动力泥沙数学模型对山东烟台凤城港附近海区的潮流场进行了较高分辨率数值模拟,在此基础上进一步建立了凤城港航道清淤工程过程中三维悬沙输运-扩散数学模型。该模型以航道中心为悬沙线源,根据工程过程中连续开挖的特点较好的引入泥沙输入源强,准确地模拟了该航道中连续开挖36小时,工程区域及其周围海域表、中和底层泥沙浓度分布特征及其随时间的变化规律。     

水土保持措施对汾河水库泥沙淤积的影响

对山西省汾河水库1962～2008年淤积情况的分析结果表明:水库淤积量总体呈减小趋势。汛期降水量和来水量是造成水库淤积的主要原因,实施水土保持措施可减少水库淤积。     

Micro-computed tomography scanning approaches to quantify,parameterize and visualize bioturbation activity in clogged streambeds: A proof of concept

Fine particle clogging and faunal bioturbation are two key processes co-occurring in the hyporheic zone that potentially affect hyporheic exchange through modifications in the sediment structure of streambeds. Clogging results from excessive fine sediment infiltration and deposition in rivers, and it is known to decrease matrix porosity and potentially reduce permeability. Faunal bioturbation activity may compensate for the negative effect of clogging by reworking the sediment, increasing porosity, and preventing further infiltration of fines. Although both processes of clogging and bioturbation have received significant attention in the literature separately, their combined effects on streambed sediment structure are not well understood, mostly due to the lack of a standard methodology for their assessment. Here, we illustrate a novel methodology using X-ray computed tomography (CT), as proof of concept, to investigate how, together, clogging and bioturbation affect streambed porosity in a controlled flow-through flume. By visualising gallery formations of an upward conveyor macroinvertebrate; Lumbriculus variegatus as a model species, we quantified bioturbation activity in a clogged streambed, focusing on orientation, depth, and volume at downwelling and upwelling areas of the flume. Gallery creation increased the porosity of the streambed sediment, suggesting a potential improvement in permeability and a possible offset of clogging effects. We illustrate the promising use of X-ray CT as a tool to assess bioturbation in clogged streambeds, and the potential role of bioturbation activity supporting hyporheic exchange processes in streambeds, warranting further studies to understand the extent of bioturbation impacts in natural systems.     

Effect of the Three Gorges Reservoir on vertical distribution of suspended sediment concentration and estimation accuracy of depth-average concentration in downstream reaches

The sediment regime in the middle Yangtze River has been significantly changed from quasi-equilibrium to nonequilibrium since the impoundment of the Three Georges Reservoir (TGR). To understand the effects of the TGR on vertical distribution of suspended sediment concentration (SSC) and estimation accuracy of mean concentration, vertical sediment concentration and flow velocity data at the Shashi and Jianli hydrological stations in the reach before and after the impoundment were collected. Comparisons and analysis of vertical profiles of SSC before and after the TGR impoundment show that after the impoundment of the TGR, due to the coarsening of sediment particle size, the reduction in sediment load, and the significant decrease in sediment saturation, the vertical distribution of SSC in the downstream reaches became more uneven under medium and low water flows, which was reflected in the vertical gradient and the fluctuation degree of SSC significantly increased. In addition, the depth-average sediment concentrations were calculated by the selected-point method and the mean values calculated by the “multi-point method” were regarded as the “true mean” to evaluate the accuracy of the mean value calculated by the “few-point method.” It was found that the relative errors for the selected-point method were mainly positive before impoundment but mainly negative after impoundment. Additionally, the correction factors of one-point, two-point, and three-point methods and the position of the near-bed substituted point for the five-point method were given to reduce the error when the point measurements were used to calculate the depth-average sediment concentration in the downstream reaches.     

荆江门弯道近期滩槽演变特点及影响因素分析

三峡水库运用改变了下泄水沙条件,坝下游弯曲河型均呈现“凸冲凹淤”演变规律,以致碍航问题日益突出。为研究弯曲河型滩槽演变特点及其成因,以下荆江河段荆江门弯道为例,利用三峡蓄水后近15 a实测地形资料,采用逻辑推理及统计分析方法分析其影响因素并预测了航道变化趋势。结果表明:三峡工程运用后,凸岸边滩年际间呈持续冲刷趋势,冲刷位置不断下移导致河段展宽引起航道条件恶化;在平滩流量(20 000~25 000 m³/s)持续时间＞15 d的年份,凸岸边滩冲刷后退,反之淤长;冲淤幅度与年均来沙量,尤其细沙(d≤0.125 mm)含量密切相关,基本呈同步变化趋势;荆江一期工程实施后,在当前水沙条件下凸岸边滩会继续受冲,形成枯水双槽,航道条件将恶化。水沙过程的改变是弯曲河型滩槽演变的主要原因,遇大水且来沙量较少的年份,荆江门河段很可能出浅碍航,这可为下荆江弯曲河段航道治理提供一定的参考价值。